超临界CO2/NMP混合溶剂萃取萃余煤的结构与气化特性

对曲靖烟煤和南露天褐煤进行超临界CO2/NMP(N-甲基吡咯烷酮)混合溶剂萃取,其中曲靖烟煤萃取率可达到14%(干基),而南露天褐煤萃取率仅有4%(干基)左右。对萃余煤进行表征,结果表明:超临界CO2/NMP混合溶剂对煤中富含羟基及脂肪类物质有良好的萃取性能,经过萃取,两种煤中微晶结构的堆垛高度都有所减小,溶胀度都降低。南露天褐煤的比表面积减小,而曲靖烟煤的比表面积轻微增大。溶剂对煤颗粒表面有腐蚀作用,萃取后两种煤的气化性能得到改善,其中曲靖烟煤改善的程度更大。     

东胜煤超声水处理对CS2/NMP萃取率的影响

利用水对神府东胜煤样进行了超声萃取,通过GC/MS分析研究了其水萃取物的有机物的族组成,用FTIR分析其原煤及水萃余煤,比较它们在二硫化碳(CS2)和N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)(体积比1∶1)混合溶剂中萃取率的不同。结果表明:水萃取物有机成分中含有多种含杂原子成分及烷烃;超声水萃取的萃余煤在CS2/NMP的混合溶剂中的萃取率大于原煤;红外光谱分析显示超声水萃取使原煤部分盐类的去除及煤中分子间氢键等的破坏可能是混合溶剂萃取率增高的原因。     

霍林郭勒褐煤NaOCl氧化残渣的分离与分析

依次用石油醚、CS2、丙酮和甲醇4种溶剂通过索式萃取对霍林郭勒褐煤(HL)的次氯酸钠(NaOCl)水溶液氧化残渣进行分级萃取.发现总的萃取率大于原煤萃取率.所得各级萃取物用GC/MS分析检测,E1和E2馏分中分别检测到85种和23种化合物,E3和E4萃取馏分中无GC/MS可检物质.结果表明煤的次氯酸钠氧化有助于提高煤的萃取率,索式萃取可实现氧化残渣的族组分分离.     

以水为溶剂褐煤超临界萃取研究

在半连续实验装置上，以水为溶剂对大雁褐煤进行了超临界萃取实验。考察了压力、终温对萃取过程产率及产品组成的影响。结果表明，用水萃取褐煤在合适条件下，可得到高的转化率及萃取物产率；萃取压力增加，转化率和萃取物产率增加；萃取终温增加，转化率增加，但增加量主要为气体和轻油组分。在超临界条件下，萃取物主要馏分为予沥青烯。萃取过程中气体产率约为２０％，其主要组分为ＣＯ２；经萃取后的褐煤（约占原煤５０％），具有比原煤高的碳含量，低挥发分及氧含量，几乎不含水，可作为气化或燃烧的原料。     

二元复合溶剂对煤抽提的研究

作者通过对部分二元复合溶剂混合热、溶剂与煤的作用热、抽提率的测定,找出了抽提率与作用热之间的关系。结果表明,在所试验的范围内,以溶解度参数作为选择抽提煤的溶剂的依据,仅适用于烟煤,不适用于褐煤;以煤与溶剂的作用热为依据选择溶剂,同时适用于烟煤和褐煤。     

枣庄柴里煤氧化产物的热重和红外分析

先用溶剂对柴里煤进行彻底萃取,再用双氧水将萃余煤进行氧化,对原煤、萃余煤和氧化残煤用热重和红外进行分析.结果表明：萃余煤和氧化残煤的内部结构发生变化,原煤的结构最复杂,萃余煤中的小分子相对减少了很多,但氧化残煤内部又有小分子出现,说明氧化能断开煤分子内部的某些键.由红外光谱分析得出煤是一种含有多官能团的复杂的混合物,萃取和氧化使煤中的有机物发生了改变,两者产生的变化是有一定的差别的,但是由各谱图吸收峰可以看出,萃取或氧化前后煤中的官能团种类变化并不大,其中某些物质的含量却发生了较大的变化.     

二元溶剂[Bmim]Cl+NMP对褐煤的溶胀及电解液化的影响

本文在课题组已有的离子液体对煤进行溶胀预处理的研究基础上,进一步研究了多种含离子液体的二元混合溶剂.结果表明,[Bmim]Cl+NMP对神华褐煤的溶胀效果最佳.通过研究二元溶剂中[Bmim]Cl的体积分数、溶胀温度及时间对煤的溶胀度及其电化学还原反应的影响,发现[Bmim]Cl的体积分数为0.5时,煤的溶胀度较高.神华煤在[Bmim]Cl+NMP中溶胀12h即可达到平衡.提高温度不仅可以缩短达到溶胀平衡所需的时间,还可以进一步破坏煤的结构,提高溶胀度.神华褐煤在150℃下溶胀12h,溶胀度可达到3.93.通过二元溶剂[Bmim]Cl+NMP对煤的溶胀处理能提高煤电解加氢还原的反应活性,有利于提高煤的液化率,使电解液化率从31.66%提高到62.27%.     

微波辅助萃取煤的研究

在微波辅助下，考察了萃取温度、溶剂种类、辐射时间对萃取率的影响。对神府煤而言，采用乙醇、丙酮和四氢呋喃为溶剂的较佳萃取温度分别为393K、373K、373K且四氢呋喃的萃取率高于丙酮和乙醇。采用相同的溶剂对五种不同变质程度煤的微波辅助萃取结果显示，变质程度相似的煤在相同萃取条件下萃取率不同。对神府煤和其四氢呋喃萃余煤进行了红外分析。     

无烟煤的溶胀行为及对其电解液化的影响

本文系统地研究了无烟煤的溶胀行为,及其对无烟煤电催化加氢液化的促进效果.研究结果表明,作为高阶煤的无烟煤,其溶胀行为和低阶煤(褐煤)不同,非极性溶剂的溶胀效果优于极性溶剂.在所研究的多种有机溶胀剂中,苯对无烟煤的溶胀效果最佳,60℃下溶胀度可达4.01.研究发现,在溶胀过程中溶胀剂分子在煤大分子网络结构中的渗入可使无烟煤体积膨胀,促进煤结构疏松化以及使煤颗粒变小;同时溶胀剂分子与煤大分子的相互作用力可以破坏原煤中的部分化学键结构并产生小分子物种,进一步削弱了煤大分子的网络结构,促进煤的溶胀度提高.研究还表明,引入溶胀促进剂Fe(NO3)3可与有机溶胀剂产生协同溶胀作用从而进一步促进煤的溶胀,提高煤的溶胀度.对于无烟煤的溶胀处理,有利于其电催化加氢液化反应的活性,大大提高了无烟煤的电解液化率,使其电解液化率由原煤的32.04%提高到63.19%.     

年轻煤溶剂溶胀后加氢液化性能的研究

以山东龙口局洼里煤、新汶局孙村煤为研究用煤。首先进行溶剂溶胀，实验表明吡啶溶剂的溶胀作用最强。溶胀率指标表明溶胀煤结构变得疏松；热重分析表明溶胀煤热分解活性增强。然后对原煤和溶胀煤进行加氢液化实验，通过煤的转化率、液化油产率和煤气产率等指标，表明洼里原煤、洼里溶胀煤和孙村溶胀煤具有良好的加氢液化性能，各溶胀煤比其原煤的油产率均有显著提高。对于所实验煤的基本液化条件进行了实验探索。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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