我国北方森林地下火燃烧温度预测

森林地下火燃烧是一个隐蔽、漫长的阴燃过程，整个燃烧过程都靠自身释放的热量维持，所以开展地下火燃烧温度预测研究，对于地下火监测预警具有重要意义.以大兴安岭地区呼中国家级自然保护区典型植被兴安落叶松林为研究对象，通过室内模拟点烧试验，基于非线性混合效应模型预测不同含水率下地下火燃烧温度.结果表明：基于Logistic和Richards回归的非线性混合效应模型适合地下火燃烧温度预测；3参数的混合效应模型拟合效果最好；不同含水率下不同深度地下火燃烧温度预测模型的预测值和真实值间都不存在显著差异(P>0.05),模型预测精度较高，尤其是在3 cm深度处，平均相对误差(MRE)都小于15%,具有较高的应用价值.     

管道中锆粉云火焰传播的温度与速度特性

粉末状的锆金属不仅燃烧速度快,而且燃烧释放出的热量非常高,作为高能燃料被广泛应用在航天和军工领域.锆金属以粉尘云的形态燃烧时,大量微小悬浮锆颗粒燃烧会形成具有一定面积的火焰,采用实验方法研究锆粉云火焰在竖直管道中的温度和速度特性.研究结果表明,热电偶处的锆粉云最高火焰温度与瞬间火焰传播速度有相同变化趋势,都随锆粉云质量浓度增加先增大后减小.当锆粉云质量浓度为0.625 kg·m-3时,出现最高火焰温度,可达1777.81℃,在此条件下管道中最快火焰传播速度可达39.7 m·s-1.当质量浓度超过0.625 kg·m-3后,热电偶处的锆粉云最高火焰温度与瞬间火焰传播速度都会降低,主要是由于富燃料燃烧、管道中氧气不足而导致颗粒不能完全燃烧.实验得到了不同质量浓度锆粉云的最高火焰温度值与最快火焰传播速度.     

水平填充床中纤维质燃料正向阴燃数值模拟研究

根据多孔燃料三步反应动力学过程,建立了2D非稳态纤维质材料填充床阴燃的数学模型.阴燃的化学动力过程包括燃料热解、燃料放热氧化及焦炭的放热氧化.该模型既考虑了固-气之间的热交换,也考虑到气体在多孔介质内的扩散系数变化.数值模拟了来流速度对阴燃速度及平均最高温度的影响,结果表明:阴燃传播速度与来流速度基本上呈线性关系,来流速度对阴燃最高温度影响不大.同时也模拟了燃料阴燃过程中气体组分(O2、CO、CO2及H2O)的变化.通过改变3个反应指前频率因子发现:增大A2(燃料氧化频率因子)会加速阴燃,增大A1(燃料热解频率因子)和A3(焦炭氧化频率因子)均会减小燃料阴燃传播速度.     

水平碳粒床中阴燃过程的数值计算

利用控制容积法和ＰＩＳＯ算法对床上面具有受迫气流经过的水平碳粒填充床,从点火开始到隐态传播的整个阴燃过程进行了数值模拟,模型中包括三个异相反应和一个气相色应过程,计算表明,直径为１ｍｍ,空隙率为０．２６０,空气流速为０．０１ｍ／ｓ的水平床,当点火温度为９００Ｋ时,将不会产生明火,碳粒的堆积方式即填充床的空隙率对阴燃影响较大,空隙率越大,阴燃传播的峰值温度越高,传播速度越大,在一定范围内,床面上方的     

多孔介质燃料填充床中反向阴燃传播解析

为了定性描述燃料反向阴燃中熄灭问题,根据单步反应机理,通过简化模型参数及大活化能渐近分析,得出了定性描述燃料反向阴燃传播的两个方程.结果表明:随着空气流量的增大,阴燃温度是不断上升的,但由于受到反向空气风流的影响,阴燃温度的增长幅度是逐渐变小的;阴燃传播速度却呈现出先增大后减小直至熄灭的变化趋势;在气体流量为零的情况下,燃料仍然可以发生阴燃,而维持阴燃不断传播所需要的氧气量源于反应区域周围气体的扩散.该项成果为科学理解燃料反向阴燃及其熄灭特性提供了理论依据.     

多孔介质内气/液燃料过滤燃烧的试验

摘要： 研究了小球自由堆积型多孔介质内丙烷/空气混合气的低速过滤燃烧过程,分析了燃烧室内温度、燃烧波传播速度和排放特性,以及当量比、入口气体速度等参数对过滤燃烧与排放特性的影响;实现了常压下柴油在多孔介质内的预蒸发自维持过滤燃烧,并研究了液体燃料过滤燃烧的温度特性.结果表明：在燃烧的不同阶段,预混合气燃烧波的传播速度与燃烧室内高温区域的范围差别较大;随着当量比增加,燃烧波的平均传播速度降低,燃烧温度升高,排放量增加;随着入口气体速度增大,燃烧波的传播速度增大,排放量降低;液体燃料过滤燃烧的最高温度低于气体燃料的最高温度,且燃烧器的中心温度与壁面温度差异较大.     

小型二冲程直喷发动机爆震燃烧特性数值模拟

为了了解点火参数对小型二冲程直喷发动机爆震燃烧的影响,利用GT-Power和AVL Fire软件对该发动机整机及燃烧室分别建立了仿真模型,选取扭矩、功率等数据验证了模型的正确性,并对发动机在5 000r/min、大负荷工况下的缸内平均压力和温度、放热率、累积放热量以及爆震强度分布等特性进行了研究.结果表明:在点火提前角由15℃A逐渐增加至35℃A的过程中,小型二冲程直喷发动机的扭矩、功率、缸内混合气燃烧放热量、放热率、缸内平均压力和温度的峰值均呈现出逐渐增大的趋势,而且会伴随着爆震强度表征物的浓度增大,二冲程直喷发动机的爆震倾向加强;当异步点火相位由0℃A逐渐增加至5℃A时,二冲程直喷发动机的扭矩、功率呈现出略微减小的趋势,两个火花塞附近由于湍动能增大,加快了火焰传播速度,使得末端混合气低温反应时间变短,爆震强度表征物的浓度逐步减小,二冲程直喷发动机爆震发生的倾向有所减小.     

油气混合参数对柴油机低温燃烧过程的影响

应用三维CFD模拟研究了喷油和进气参数包括喷油压力、喷孔直径和进气压力对柴油机低氧浓度低温燃烧(LTC)过程的影响.结果表明:随着喷油压力增加或喷孔直径的减小,各氧浓度下缸内燃烧压力和温度峰值都增大;相同氧浓度条件下预混燃烧的强度增大,出现明显预混燃烧的氧浓度增大;相同氧浓度条件下的soot排放降低;缸内局部温度最大值增大,NOx排放增大.进气压力增大,缸内压力上升更快,但缸内平均温度略有降低,相同氧浓度下着火时刻提前,滞燃期缩短;燃烧过程中局部缺氧的状况得到改善,相同氧浓度条件下燃油的燃烧更加完全,放出的总热量更多,燃烧效率明显提高;soot峰值和最终排放值都减小,NOx生成量进一步降低.     

热解炭阴燃特性的实验研究

为了研究热解炭阴燃特性,在自行设计的炭粉阴燃实验台上对玉米秸秆粉热解残炭阴燃特性中的温度、尾气和燃烧速度进行研究.实验结果表明:随着阴燃前锋下移,各温度测点峰值逐渐下降,峰值持续时间增长;在阴燃发生的前11h内,气体产物中C(CO)∶C(CO2)>1;阴燃初期的阴燃速度最快,随后逐渐减慢.     

油层爆燃压裂造缝加载模型

油层爆燃造缝加载模型是油层爆燃压裂造缝动态模拟模型研究的基础.基于固体药柱燃烧分析、燃烧速度方程、质量守恒方程和能量守恒方程,建立药柱爆燃加载过程的燃烧速度、爆燃压力、爆燃温度随时间变化的计算模型,并分析其影响因素及影响规律.结果表明:药柱爆燃后压力、温度均迅速上升,达到峰值压力和峰值温度所用时间为毫秒级;在其他条件相同的情况下,装药壁厚增大,峰值压力和峰值温度不变,升压速率和升温速率减小;装药量增加,峰值压力、峰值温度、升压速率、升温速率均增大;初始压力增大,峰值压力增大,峰值温度减小,升压速率和升温速率不变;初始体积增加,峰值压力、峰值温度、升压速率、升温速率均减小.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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