海上稠油热采井井筒温度场模型研究及应用

摘要：海上稠油油田的开发越来越受到人们的重视,多元热流体吞吐是一项集热采、烟道气驱等采油机理于一体的新型、高效稠油开采技术,该技术在渤海油田进行了现场试验并取得了成功。以渤海 M 油田多元热流体吞吐实验井为例,介绍了海上稠油油田多元热流体吞吐工艺的特点;研究了热流体吞吐井各传热环节及井筒温度场分布模型,建立了井筒综合传热系数的计算方法,并以海上实际热流体吞吐井为例进行了计算。在此基础上,模拟了隔热油管导热系数、下入深度、多元热流体组成等工艺参数对热采效果的影响,并得到了一些有益的结论,为海上稠油油田规模化热力采油工艺方案优化设计起到指导性作用。     

稠油油藏多元热流体吞吐油藏参数界限研究

多元热流体为蒸汽、氮气、二氧化碳的高温高压混合气体,具有降低原油黏度,提高地层压力,改善油藏剖面,提高稠油油藏开发效果等作用。为研究适合多元热流体吞吐的稠油油藏条件,通过数值模拟方法,定量研究了地质流体参数对稠油油藏注多元热流体吞吐效果的影响程度,影响程度强弱确定了各参数界限。结果表明:高强度影响因素原油黏度应该低于6 000 mPa·s,有效厚度大于3～11 m,中强度影响因素剩余油饱和度应该大于0.45～0.65,渗透率大于130×10~(-3)～1 000×10~(-3)μm~2,低强度影响因素纯总比应该大于0.42,孔隙度大于0.20,油藏深度超过300 m。研究结果为稠油油藏多元热流体吞吐高效开发提供技术依据。     

海上M稠油油田吞吐后续转驱开发方案研究

针对目前渤海地下原油黏度大于350 mPa·s的非常规稠油水驱采收率较低,且考虑到吞吐轮次及平台寿命的问题,开展吞吐后续转驱开发方式研究。以海上M稠油油田为例,利用油藏数值模拟方法对蒸汽吞吐转蒸汽驱、热水驱及多元热流体吞吐转多元热流体驱、热水驱等4种转驱方式的转驱时机及注采参数进行优化设计及对比分析。结果表明,蒸汽吞吐转蒸汽驱开发效果最好,多元热流体吞吐转多元热流体驱略差。蒸汽驱最优注入参数为：转驱压力5 MPa左右,采注比1.3,井底蒸汽干度0.4,注入温度340℃,注汽速度240 m³/d。     

多元热流体在井筒中的流动与传热规律

建立高温烟气与水的热交换模型以及多元热流体在井筒内流动传热的温度场、压力场计算模型,计算含过热蒸汽和两相流状态的多元热流体在不同井深时的温度、压力以及其他参数。结果表明:随着井筒深度的增加,多元热流体的温度、压力均有所降低,并在某一深度多元热流体中水蒸气开始凝结,进入两相流状态,与纯蒸汽注入相比,其热损失量小,干度下降慢,在井底干度较大;井口注入温度越高、压力越小、流量越大,多元热流体的压降、温降幅度越大,热损失量越小;随着注入温度的降低,环空介质导热系数和注汽流量的增大,多元热流体干度的变化越早或过热度降幅越大,而注入压力对干度的影响有一个最优点,此时蒸汽在井底干度最大。     

注多元热流体吞吐转驱替三维物模及数值实验

针对注多元热流体（蒸汽、热水、氮气和二氧化碳的高温混合物）热采组分多、增油机理复杂、吞吐后转驱规律不同于常规注蒸汽的问题,开展了注多元热流体吞吐转驱替三维物模及数值试验研究。研究以相似准则为基础,根据渤海N稠油油田地质油藏特征为原型,首先建立了三维比例物理模型,开展了水平井注多元热流体多轮吞吐后转驱替的三维物理模拟实验,得到了转驱生产动态与加热腔扩展的对应规律。然后,建立了数值试验模型,在对三维实验数据进行历史拟合的基础上,进行了注多元热流体吞吐后转多元热流体驱、转蒸汽驱、转蒸汽复合氮气二氧化碳驱等注入不同介质的数值试验,对比分析得到了不同生产阶段的主要增油机理。最后,对渤海N油田南区水平井多元热流体三轮吞吐后转驱的工艺参数进行了优化,得到了最佳工艺参数组合。研究结果可为稠油油田吞吐转驱方案设计提供指导和借鉴。     

渤海稠油油藏多元热流体开发全过程参数优化

多元热流体技术是海上稠油高效开发的关键技术,在渤海油田开发中得到了广泛应用,但目前该技术还存在注入参数不合理、转驱时机及井网不确定等问题。为了提高多元热流体技术在油藏开发全过程中的效果,以渤海A稠油油田区块的油藏参数建立数值模型,通过数值模拟方法对多元热流体吞吐阶段主要注入参数、转驱时机及井网、多元热流体驱阶段主要注采参数进行优化研究。结果表明,多元热流体技术在稠油油藏开发过程中,先以吞吐形式进行,当地层压力降至5 MPa左右时再转驱;多元热流体吞吐阶段,随地层压力减小,最佳注水强度先增大后减小,气水比先保持较低水平后大幅增大,气体中CO2比例逐渐减小;多元热流体驱阶段,随含水率上升,最佳注水速度先减小后保持较低水平,最佳气水比的变化规律与注水速度基本相反。     

海上稠油热采井加热范围计算方法研究及应用

为实现海上稠油油田的高效开发,在渤海南堡35—2油田开展了多元热流体吞吐矿场试验,并取得了显著的增产效果。开创了国内海上稠油热采的先例。分别推导了基于能量平衡及基于物质平衡原理的多元热流体吞吐井加热半径计算方法。并以试验井为例进行了计算。此外,对计算结果及两种方法的适应性进行了分析,为海上稠油热采方案设计起到了一定的指导作用。     

直喷汽油机起动过程多环芳烃排放的研究

通过采用3种含氧燃料:汽油、添加体积分数为10%乙醇的乙醇汽油燃料(E10)、添加体积分数为15%甲醇的甲醇汽油燃料(M15),对直喷汽油机起动过程的多环芳烃(PAHs)排放采用索式萃取法萃取后,再利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行了分析。结果表明,E10燃料在水温为20℃时冷起动和水温为80℃时热起动所排放的PAHs较纯汽油分别降低了39.03%和23.78%,M15燃料在水温为20℃时冷起动和水温为80℃时热起动所排放的PAHs较纯汽油分别降低了30.17%和66.06%。不同水温下由起动过程排放的PAHs毒性分析得出:水温为20℃冷起动时,E10、M15燃料排放的PAHs总苯并(a)芘毒性等效值较纯汽油分别降低了23.25%和21.47%;水温为80℃热起动时,E10、M15燃料排放的PAHs总苯并(a)芘毒性等效值较纯汽油分别降低了33.26%和50.46%,纯汽油、E10、M15这3种燃料在水温为80℃时热起动较20℃时冷起动分别降低了44.25%、50.80%和64.84%。     

汽—水型换热器的优化设计

换热器是用来使热量从热流体传递到冷流体、以满足规定的工艺要求的装置。换热器是热能利用中最常见的设备,在工业生产和日常生活的各个领域里有着非常广泛的应用。热能利用技术的深入发展,要求换热器向着节能、省材和高效的方向发展。传统的设计方法已经不能适应这种新的要求,换热器的优化设计方法越来越受到人们的高度重视。 本文研究汽—水型换热器的优化设计问题。文中通过实际换热器的计算分析,表明了优化设计能够节约能源、节省材料。本文的计算方法对于其它类型的换热器的优化设计也是适用的。     

运用夹点设计法对一实际换热网络的改造

随着能源价格的不断提升,化工企业的节能降耗成为紧迫必行的任务。通过在对一实际过程的换热网络结构分析的基础上提取热、冷工艺物流,在给定的最小传热温差(20℃)限制下运用夹点设计法合成具有最大热回收的新换热网络;采用断开热负荷回路、取消热负荷较小的换热器达到减少换热器个数、简化网络的目的;由于热负荷转移造成了某些换热器传热温差违反最小传热温差限制、甚至出现传热温差为负值(违反热力学第二定律)的情况,采用能量松弛法恢复这些换热器的传热温差至给定的最小传热温差。经过调优后换热器网络总换热设备个数与原实际网络的相同,但与原实际网络相比,热、冷公用工程均节省1 220 k W。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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