卵形鲳鲹源创伤弧菌导致宿主细胞凋亡的作用机制

弧菌是自然界菌群中的一部分,作为一种有害菌不仅可以感染常见的水产品,有些弧菌更是对人体有一定的致病性。随着近些年水产养殖的不断扩大,由创伤弧菌(Vibrio vulnificus)引起的鱼病不胜枚举,不仅给养殖行业造成巨大的损失,同时对人类生命安全也存在着巨大威胁。本文对卵形鲳鲹源创伤弧菌感染宿主细胞的机制进行研究,目的是阐明创伤弧菌对宿主细胞的致死机理,为未来研发抗病菌功能产品提供理论依据。本文通过确定创伤弧菌胞外产物(Extracellular products,ECPs)的蛋白浓度,以不同的蛋白浓度为基准,利用光镜观察和细胞活力CCK检测技术测定创伤弧菌ECPs对细胞的毒性。然后使用Hoechst 33342染核观察及DNA ladder来进一步确定其致死机制。根据细胞毒性结果,卵形鲳鲹源创伤弧菌ECPs对宿主细胞有很强的细胞毒性。Hoechst 33342染核结果发现实验组出现了凋亡小体,这与STS处理的阳性对照组中细胞变化相一致。但是ECPs处理后的宿主细胞未出现明显的DNA ladder。卵形鲳鲹源创伤弧菌对宿主细胞具有明显的毒性,再通过理化性质的检测,可以初步确定创伤弧菌导致卵形鲳鲹细胞死亡是通过凋亡途径发生的。未来将针对凋亡途径的具体通路进行深入研究,为控制病菌的感染提供理论依据。     

米氏凯伦藻对鱼类FHM细胞的毒性作用及其致死机制

探讨米氏凯伦藻培养液(Karenia mikimotoi culture solution,KMCS)及细胞提取物(Cell extracts,KMCE)对胖头鲤(Fathead minnow,FHM)细胞的毒性作用及致死机制。用光学显微镜观察细胞形态变化来分析KMCS和KMCE对FHM细胞的毒性作用,并用CCK法(Cell counting kit)分析KMCS和KMCE对FHM细胞活力的影响;用DNA特异性染料Hoechst 33342检测FHM细胞的细胞核变化,分析KMCS及KMCE是否导致FHM细胞发生程序性死亡及凋亡小体的形成;检测caspase-3的活性,分析KMCS和KMCE是否导致相关凋亡程序的发生。结果发现,用稀释两倍的KMCS和KMCE分别处理FHM细胞4h后,观察到FHM细胞形态均出现明显改变;将未稀释和稀释两倍的KMCS以及稀释两倍的KMCE,分别与FHM细胞孵育,4h后用CCK法检测细胞活性,发现FHM细胞的细胞存活率分别下降了63.6%,22.2%和26.7%。Hoechst 33342染色结果表明,KMCS和KMCE都可以导致FHM细胞中出现凋亡小体,对凋亡相关蛋白因子caspase-3活性的检测,结果显示实验组细胞caspase-3活性水平显著升高,分别为对照组的2.32倍和1.49倍。KMCS和KMCE对鲤鱼FHM细胞生长具有明显的细胞毒性,会导致细胞发生细胞凋亡。     

电穿孔诱发细胞凋亡和提高抗癌药物细胞毒性的研究

作者报道了电穿孔可以诱发HeLa细胞凋亡 ,采用Giemsa染料、吖啶橙染色及Hoechst33342 ,PI双染的荧光染色 ,研究了电穿孔对HeLa细胞凋亡的影响 .以HeLa细胞和胎儿脐带血淋巴细胞为材料 ,进行了电穿孔提高抗癌药物细胞毒性的研究 ,为电化学疗法在体内实验的可行性提供了依据 .     

黄芩苷诱导Jurkat T细胞凋亡的体外研究

目的:研究黄芩苷(BA)抑制Jurkat T细胞(人T淋巴细胞白血病细胞株)的生长和诱导其凋亡的作用及机制。方法:以噻唑兰(MTT)比色法测定BA对细胞生长的抑制率;胞内[Ca2 ]i和线粒体跨膜电势(ΔΨm)分别用F luo-4/AM和D iOC6(3)荧光探针标记,流式细胞仪检测;PI染色流式细胞术分析细胞周期分布及凋亡率;凋亡细胞形态以Hoechst33342/PI染色后荧光显微镜观察。结果:BA明显抑制Jurkat细胞增殖(P<0.01),并呈时间、浓度依赖性;BA可浓度依赖的诱导Jurkat细胞[Ca2 ]i浓度上升、线粒体膜电势ΔΨm降低,将细胞周期阻滞在S期,凋亡率增加,荧光显微镜下可见经BA(100 mg/L)作用的细胞呈现典型的凋亡核固缩表现,胞核呈致密浓染的颗粒状荧光。结论:BA体外显著抑制Jurkat T细胞增殖及诱导其凋亡,其机制可能与胞内[Ca2 ]i及线粒体依赖的凋亡通路有关。     

盘基网柄菌发育期间蛞蝓体的形态学研究

用吖啶橙和Hoechst 33342两种活体荧光染料,通过荧光显微镜观察,来了解盘基网柄菌多细胞发育期间蛞蝓体阶段中出现的细胞分化及凋亡特点.结果发现:随着发育进程,将发育成柄细胞的前柄细胞先被染成蓝绿色,然后被染成绿色,再成橙色,最后为无色,这些分别表示了前柄细胞不同的凋亡阶段.在蛞蝓体后期其内部出现一条"通道".得出结论,蛞蝓体是盘基网柄菌细胞分化和衰退的起始阶段,其形态发生了巨大的变化.前柄细胞从蛞蝓体前期开始凋亡,但并不是马上死亡,而是一个渐进的凋亡过程.     

黄连素通过提高活性氧水平促进HepG2细胞凋亡

本研究用SRB法、流式细胞术和荧光显微技术等方法检测分析了黄连素对人肝癌细胞株HepG-2的毒性并探究了其作用机制.结果显示,黄连素的毒性作用呈时间-剂量依赖效应,24h和48h的IC50值分别为44.10μmol·L~(-1)和8.53μmol·L~(-1);160μmol·L~(-1)时黄连素具有致死效应;当加入抗氧化剂NAC,黄莲素抑制和致死作用明显减弱.黄连素可引起HepG-2细胞凋亡,NAC作用后细胞凋亡率降低;黄连素可使胞内ROS含量持续升高;同时在黄连素作用下还降低了细胞内抗氧化剂GSH含量.表明黄连素可以通过提高细胞内ROS,耗竭胞内抗氧化剂进而诱导肝癌细胞凋亡.     

齐口裂腹鱼维氏气单胞菌的耐药性分析

采用k-B法检测分离自齐口裂腹鱼的维氏气单胞菌对20种抗菌药物的耐药表型,用PCR法扩增维氏气单胞菌的四环素类tetA、tetC、tetM,氨基糖苷类aph(3')-lia、aac(6')-Ib、ant(3')-Ⅰa、aac(3)-Ⅱa、磺胺类sull、sul2,sul3共10种耐药基因.结果显示:氟哌酸、氟苯尼考、磺胺异恶唑等1 1种药物对维氏气单胞菌有较好的抑菌效果.该菌对磺胺类和部分氨基糖苷类敏感,相关耐药基因也未检出,只有四环素类的tetA基因被检出.药敏试验结果和耐药基因检测结果基本一致,这能为维氏气单胞菌的防治和耐药机理的研究提供参考.     

沙眼衣原体抑制宿主细胞凋亡的研究

目的探讨沙眼衣原体D血清型感染对宿主细胞凋亡的影响。方法沙眼衣原体D血清型感染的Hela229细胞经凋亡诱导剂依托泊苷（etoposide）作用后,Hoechst33．258染色、荧光显微镜观察核浓缩和凋亡小体,流式细胞仪检测凋亡率。结果经依托泊苷作用后,未感染的Hela229细胞有凋亡形态学特征,沙眼衣原体感染的Hela229细胞则无明显凋亡形态学改变,两者的凋亡率比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论沙眼衣原体感染后能抑制诱导剂诱导的宿主细胞凋亡。     

三氯异氰尿酸对红剑鱼的急性毒性及体外抑菌试验

进行红剑鱼(Xiphophorus helleri)的急性毒性试验,测定了三氯异氰尿酸对红剑鱼的半致死浓度和安全浓度,结果:24、48、72和96 h的半致死浓度(mg.L-1)分别为4.62、4.13、4.01、4.01,安全浓度为0.40 mg.L-1.同时,测定了该药对豚鼠气单胞菌(Aeromonas caviae)、嗜水气单胞菌嗜水亚种(Aeromonas hy-drophila hydrophila)、荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)及鲁氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter lwoffi)4种菌的最小抑菌浓度,分别为0.156、0.078、0.078、0.078μg.mL-1.     

原花青素对鱼藤酮诱导PC12细胞损伤的保护作用及机制研究

帕金森症(Parkinsons disease,PD)是一种老年人群常见的中枢神经系统变性病,因发病率明显上升,其病因与防治策略亟待阐明.文中以多巴胺能神经元模型细胞PC12为材料,以致PD毒性物质鱼藤酮(Rotenone,Rot)处理细胞,检测原花青素(Grape seeds procyanidins,GSP)对Rot引起细胞毒性的防护作用,并探讨其机理.MTT法显示,GSP可减弱Rot对细胞生长的抑制作用,其效果具有浓度和时间依赖性;倒置显微镜观察吉姆萨染色和荧光染料Hoechst 33342染色后显示,Rot处理细胞由平铺多角形变为皱缩,突起回缩,细胞核染色质凝集,部分细胞核碎裂,呈现一定凋亡特征;GSP预处理对细胞和细胞核形态的改变有明显保护作用.DCFH-DA、Rhodamine 123染色后经流式细胞术分析及荧光显微镜观察显示,GSP抑制了Rot所致细胞内活性氧水平升高,同时明显改善Rot引起的线粒体膜电势降低;Annexin V/PI双染分析发现GSP联合处理明显抑制了Rot所致细胞凋亡.结果表明,GSP可能通过降低细胞ROS生成、恢复线粒体膜电势水平而保护细胞,抑制Rot引起的细胞凋亡,可能在防治帕金森病方面发挥作用.     

Acute and chronic un-ionized ammonia toxicity to ‘all-fish’ growth hormone transgenic common carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyprinus carpio</Emphasis> L.)

Ammonia is toxic to fish in natural and artificial waters. We evaluated the acute (96 h) and chronic (21 d) toxicity of un-ionized ammonia to GH transgenic common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and non-transgenic common carp using a static-renewal bioassay. The 24, 48, 72 and 96 h median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) of un-ionized ammonia were slightly lower in transgenic carp (2.64, 2.44, 2.28 and 2.16 mg N/L, respectively) than in non-transgenic carp (2.70, 2.64, 2.52 and 2.33 mg N/L, respectively). Similarly, the median lethal time (LT₅₀) was significantly shorter for transgenic carp (1.41, 7.91 and 117.42 h) than for non-transgenic common carp (2.53, 14.06 and 150.44 h) following exposure to 3.86, 3.29, or 2.09 mg N/L, respectively. Moreover, the mortality of transgenic carp was significantly higher than that of non-transgenic carp at all un-ionized ammonia concentrations ((0.91 ± 0.12), (0.48 ± 0.06) and (0.12 ± 0.01) mg N/L) during the 21 d chronic toxicity test. Our results suggest that GH transgenic carp are less tolerant of un-ionized ammonia than non-transgenic carp. Our data are useful for evaluating potential environmental risk, optimizing stocking density in intensive aquaculture and establishing water quality criteria for ammonia in aquaculture.     

Evolutionary relationship amongBothriocephalus parasitized in grass carpCtenopharyngodon idellus (C. et V.), common carpCytpinus carpio L. and Ma Kou YuOpariichthys bidens Günther in China

RAPD was used to analyze the polymorphism ofBothriocephalus parasitic in grass carp and common carp from Guangdong, Fujian and Gansu and in Ma Kou Yu from Fujian. Though there exist differences in geographical distribution and host specificity betweenBothriocephulus parasitic in grass carp and common carp, RAPD analysis shows high similarity (72.3%–96.3%) in DNA between them, whereas betweenBothriocephalus parasitic in Ma Kou Yu and in grass carp and common carp low similarity (24%-28.2%) was noticed. Hence,Bothriocephalus parasitic in Ma Kou Yu andBothriocephalus parasitic in grass carp and common carp should be regarded as separate species.     

Programmed cell death features in apple suspension cells under low oxygen culture

Suspension-cultured apple fruit cells (Malus pumila Mill. cv. Braeburn) were exposed to a low oxygen atmosphere to test whether programmed cell death (PCD) has a role in cell dysfunction and death under hypoxic conditions. Protoplasts were prepared at various times after low oxygen conditions were established, and viability tested by triple staining with fluorescein diacetate (FDA), propidium iodide (PI) and Hoechst33342 (HO342). DNA breakdown and phosphatidylserine exposure on the plasma membrane were observed using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and annexin V binding. About 30% of protoplasts from cells after 48 h under low oxygen showed an increased accumulation of HO342, indicating increased membrane permeability. Positive TUNEL and annexin V results were also only obtained with protoplasts from cells under low oxygen. The results suggest that apple celi death under low oxygen is at least partially PCD mediated, and may explain tissue breakdown under controlled atmosphere (low oxygen) conditions in apple fruit.     

大麻药生品和三种炮制品的急性毒性比较

为评价大麻药不同炮制品对小鼠的急性毒性反应,采用经典的急性毒性实验方法测定了生品、麸制品、姜制品和酒制品的小鼠口服半数致死量(LD50),观察小鼠急性毒性症状,记录其死亡率和体重变化.结果表明:大麻药生品和3种炮制品的LD50由大到小顺序为姜制品>麸制品>生品>酒制品,LD50值分别为17.93,16.77,12.11,9.45 g·kg-1.怠动、腹泻、心跳加速,唾液分泌增加是主要的急毒症状.故不同的炮制方法对大麻药的毒性影响较大,其毒性成分与中毒机理尚待进一步研究.     

Seasonal variation of gut Cyanophyta contents and liver GST expression of mud carp （Cirrhina molitorella） and Nile tilapia （Oreochromis niloticus） in the tropical Xiangang Reservoir （Huizhou, China）

Liver glutathione S-transferase(GST) plays a major role in the detoxification of microcystins(MCs) via conjugation to glutathione(GSH).We evaluated the relationship between seasonal variation in fish gut contents and the expression of GST isoforms in mud carp(Cirrhina molitorella) and Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus).We quantified the abundance and diversity of plankton in the water column and foregut of mud carp and Nile tilapia in the tropical Xiangang Reservoir between October 2007 and July 2008.The mRNA expression of 7 liver GST isoforms was determined by real-time RT-PCR.The gut contents of both species were dependent on the amount and type of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the water.The expression of liver GST genes in Nile tilapia and mud carp was positively and negatively correlated,respectively,with the abundance of toxic cyanobacteria in the fore-gut.The expression of liver GST mRNA was correlated to the abundance of toxic cyanobacteria in the gut contents of both species,suggesting that mRNA expression of GST isoforms could be used as a biomarker in Nile tilapia and mud carp to monitor cyanobacteria blooms in reservoirs.     

S 100A8 mediates the activation of P65/HLA- B/S 100A8/BCL-2/Caspase-9 （-3） pathway in laryngeal carcinogenesis

S100 calcium binding protein A8 （S100A8）, a possible novel member of NF-kappa B signal pathway in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma （LSCC）, interacts with human leukocyte antigen B （HLA-B） which carries an NF-kappa B binding site within the enhancer A. The objective of this study was to explore the molecular mechanism of S100A8 in laryngeal carcinogenesis. RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry staining were applied to evaluate the expression levels of IKKα, P65, REL-B, S100A8, APAF-1 and BCL-2 genes. The signal transduction passway in which S100A8 might participate was explored by RNA interference. Flow cytometry, TUNEL assay and cell invasion in vitro were used to detect the biological behavior of Hep2 cells induced by S100A8 gene. Our results showed that high expression of S100A8 was related to tumorigenesis in LSCC and negatively correlated with the degree of differentiation, indicating that S100A8 gene could inhibit apoptosis and promote metastasis in LSCC. Additionally, the suppression of S100A8 by RNA interference down-regulated BCL-2 but not APAF-1, P65 and IKKα, while, the suppression of P65 could significantly down-regulate the expression of S100A8 gene. In conclusion, S100A8 plays an important role in P65/HLA-B/S100A8/BCL-2/Caspase-9 （-3） pathway in laryngeal carcinoma.     

Construction and function of recombinant AcMNPV with double copies of v-cath gene

Two recombinant baculoviruses, dciAcMNPV and dcdAcMNPV in which another copy of the v-cath gene controlled by ie1 promoter and polh promoter was inserted, were respectively constructed by the Bac-to-Bac system. The expression of the v-cath gene of the recombinant baculoviruses in Sf9 cells at different phases was investigated by SDSPAGE and Western blot. The results showed that only recombinant virus dciAcMNPV containing late gene v-cath driven by early gene promoter could express V-CATH protein, cathepsin encoded by virus genome, 12 h post-infection and dcdAcMNPV containing late gene v-cath driven by late and very late gene promoters could express more V-CATH protein. Negative control ncAcMNPV, a mutant deleted vcath gene, could not express V-CATH protein at all. The Spodopera exigua larvae were infected with viruses respectively and the results showed that the toxicity was as follows: dcdAcMNPV>dciAcMNPV>wtAcMNPV>ncAcMNPV. The toxicity of recombinant viruses and the characters of dead larvae showed that the v -cath gene was relative to viral toxicity and host liquefaction. Recombinant baculovirus dcdAcMNPV might be used as a new kind of safe viral-pesticide, because of its high toxicity obtained by adding another gene copy and changing the expression level of its own gene relative to virulence.     

Identification of antiviral-relevant genes in the cultured fish cells induced by UV-inactivated virus

UV-inactivated grass carp hemorrhage virus (GCHV) can induce high titer of interferon in cultured CAB (Crucian carp (Carassius auratus L.) blastulae )cells,and thus defend host cells against the virus invasion ,The mechanism is proposed that an antiviral state should be established in the host cells by activating expression of a set of antiviral-relevant genes,In this study ,suppressive subtractive hybridization is applied to constructing a subtracted ,cDNA library with mRNAs isolated from UV-inactivated GCHV infected and mock-infected CAB cells,272 differential cDNA fragments are identified by both PCR and dot blot from the subtractive cDNA library .Sequencing analysis reveals 69 genes,including 46 known gene homlologues,and 23 unknown putative genes,The known genes include the gemes involved in interferon signaling pathways,such as Stat1 and Jak1,the antiviral gences,such as Mx and Vipering,and a set of interferon-stimulated genes observed in mammalian cells. Most of the unknow putative genes contain AU-rich element in their sequences,Differential expressions of these genes are further confirmed by virtual Northern blot and RT-PCR,The data imply that UV-inactivated GCHV is not only able to induce production of interferon in the infected CAB cells,but also leads to the expression of a series of antiviral-relevant genes or immune-releveant genes,and therefore reveals that the signaling pathway of interferon system and antiviral mechanism in fish are similar to those in mammals.