Resolving the extragalactic hard X-ray background

The origin of the hard (2-10 keV) X-ray background has been a mystery for over 35 years. Most of the soft X-ray background has been resolved into individual sources (mainly quasars), but these sources do not have the spectral energy distribution required to match the spectrum of the X-ray background as a whole. Here we report the results of a deep survey, using the Chandra satellite, in which the detected hard X-ray sources account for at least 75 per cent of the hard X-ray background. The mean X-ray spectral energy distribution of these sources is in good agreement with that of the background. Moreover, most of those hard X-ray sources are associated unambiguously with either the nuclei of otherwise normal bright galaxies, or with optically faint sources. The latter could be active nuclei in dust-enshrouded galaxies or a population of quasars at extremely high redshift.     

A low level of extragalactic background light as revealed by gamma-rays from blazars

The diffuse extragalactic background light consists of the sum of the starlight emitted by galaxies through the history of the Universe, and it could also have an important contribution from the 'first stars', which may have formed before galaxy formation began. Direct measurements are difficult and not yet conclusive, owing to the large uncertainties caused by the bright foreground emission associated with zodiacal light. An alternative approach is to study the absorption features imprinted on the gamma-ray spectra of distant extragalactic objects by interactions of those photons with the background light photons. Here we report the discovery of gamma-ray emission from the blazars H 2356 - 309 and 1ES 1101 - 232, at redshifts z = 0.165 and z = 0.186, respectively. Their unexpectedly hard spectra provide an upper limit on the background light at optical/near-infrared wavelengths that appears to be very close to the lower limit given by the integrated light of resolved galaxies. The background flux at these wavelengths accordingly seems to be strongly dominated by the direct starlight from galaxies, thus excluding a large contribution from other sources-in particular from the first stars formed. This result also indicates that intergalactic space is more transparent to gamma-rays than previously thought.     

河外水脉泽源的红外特性

收集了最新的河外水脉泽样本资料(截至2007.03),并计算给出这些源的部分物理参数.主要分析了水脉泽辐射和脉泽寄主星系的红外辐射之间的可能相关性.分析结果显示河外水脉泽源与银河系内脉泽源一样,水脉泽辐射光度和脉泽寄主星系的红外辐射光度存在相关性,即LH2O~10-9LFIR.     

重力影响下的接触网运动微分方程

针对电气化铁路接触网动力学分析中重力作用的特性,运用基本结构与载荷分离的模式,建立重力影响下的接触网运动微分方程.受电弓与接触网的动态接触与一般的动力学系统不同,在不同时刻弓网系统的静平衡位置不同,弓网系统的重力影响不可忽略.在重力作用下的接触网是悬链形,弓网接触力在一个跨距内呈现规律的起伏变化.在不忽略这种系统的重力影响时,把承力索和接触导线当作基本结构,吊弦、定位器当作作用在基本结构上的荷载,支撑杆当作弹性支座,建立运动微分方程.     

箍筋约束高强混凝土应力-应变本构关系模型

针对箍筋约束高强混凝土,优选6种典型模型对172根方形截面短柱在轴压作用下的峰值强度和延性进行预测.误差分析结果表明：Nagashima模型与Legeron模型的计算精度相对较高.最后,基于大量试验数据对Nagashima模型及Hong模型进行修正,修正模型精度较高且便于应用.     

河外水脉泽寄主星系的射电谱指数

详细调研并收集了所有河外水脉泽寄主星系的射电观测资料(84个源).在6 cm和20 cm两个波段,千脉泽(其光度小于10个太阳光度)源的射电流量都大于兆脉泽源(其光度大于10个太阳光度).由收集的这两个波段的观测数据,首次导出了水脉泽星系的射电谱指数,α=0.87±0.11.比较水脉泽星系和没有检测到水脉泽的星系的谱指数,没有发现明显的差异.进一步分析水脉泽各向同性辐射光度与脉泽寄主星系射电强度,发现它们之间存在一个强相关,这与水脉泽辐射可能是对背景射电连续谱的放大的理论结果相吻合.     

Review of galactic and extragalactic searches for class I methanol masers

Class I methanol masers are important tools for investigations of star formation throughout the Universe. Recently, a series of surveys for class I methanol masers at the 95 GHz transition toward samples of young stellar objects have been undertaken. These surveys have resulted in the detection of about 200 new class I methanol masers and combined with previous increased the number of known observations they have class I methanol masers in our Galaxy to ~400. From analysis of the relationship between class I methanol maser emission and associated astrophysical objects, it has been shown that the intensity of the class I methanol maser emission is closely correlated with the properties of the 1.1 mm Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey （BGPS） dust continuum sources and outflow properties. This further supports the hypothesis that class I methanol masers are collisionally pumped and excited in shocked regions. Based on these observations, it can be inferred that the BGPS catalog is likely to provide more reliable samples for targeting further class I methanol maser searches. A new survey for class I methanol masers toward a larger size sample of BGPS sources to test this is currently underway. The prospects for detecting class I methanol megamasers in extragalactic sources is discussed, and observations constituting the first sensitive search have been proposed.     

利用超重力分离铝熔体中的夹杂颗粒

利用Al-17％Si-4.5％Cu熔体中密度较小的初生硅颗粒模拟金属熔体内部的夹杂物,并采用超重力场分离熔体中的夹杂颗粒,研究了不同重力系数条件下,金属熔体中夹杂物的分离规律.实验结果表明:经过超重力处理后,初生硅颗粒在试样上部区域发生明显的偏聚现象,试样内部出现无初生硅颗粒区域,且随着重力系数的增加,无初生硅颗粒的区域面积逐渐增大,说明重力系数越大,硅颗粒在试样上部区域的聚集程度越好.随着重力系数的增大,试样的净化效率逐渐升高,当重力系数(G)为500时,试样的净化率达到了84.98％.利用DPM离散相模型对超重力场下熔体内部硅颗粒的具体受力情况进行分析,并模拟研究铝熔体内部硅颗粒在不同重力场中的分离行为.数值模拟结果证明了夹杂颗粒在沿着超重力方向上的运动行为近似符合Stokes运动定律.这表明超重力场可以有效分离金属熔体中的夹杂物.     

受限航道中船舶的限速

以现代安全管理理论为指导,以航海学科专业知识为基础,用安全系统工程方法,在考虑多种因素影响的基础上,对船舶限速问题进行了系统化,定量化的研究,形成了一套比较完整的船舶限速方案,并对所建模型进行了验证,所建模型对制定港口船舶限速的规章制度提供了参考。具有一定的实际意义。     

负载下碳纤维布约束混凝土圆柱轴压应力-应变关系试验研究

通过32个碳纤维布约束混凝土圆柱的轴压试验,研究了圆柱在不同的负载水平、混凝土强度和碳纤维包裹层数下的破坏特征和力学性能,并对负载导致约束混凝土峰值点应力和应变下降的原因进行了分析.试验结果表明,负载水平的大小对于碳纤维布的约束效果有明显影响.随着负载水平的提高,第2阶段刚度、峰值点应力和应变均逐渐下降;而碳纤维包裹层数的增加,则放大了这种效应.在已有未负荷状态下碳纤维布约束混凝土的相关研究成果的基础上,根据试验结果,首次提出了考虑负载影响的第2阶段刚度、侧向膨胀系数、峰值点应力和应变的计算公式,并提出了考虑负载影响的碳纤维布约束混凝土圆柱的应力-应变关系计算模型.     

机床横梁重力变位的自演进补偿

为解决大型机床由于重力变位产生几何误差的问题,提出了利用制造信息差和自演进补偿技术改善制造装备精度的途径。得出了大型数控龙门铣床横梁重力变位的自演进补偿方法。在辅助梁上设置3个出力可控的液压千斤顶,利用遗传算法来实现自演进机制。仿真结果显示,龙门铣床横梁变位为-9μm,和大型机床现行工业标准中平面度为45μm相比对,只占20%;转角在±6μrad以内。横梁变形和工业比对说明了这种补偿方法的有效性。     

约束陶瓷靶抗射流侵彻实验研究

利用聚能射流对约束及非约束陶瓷靶开展抗侵彻性能系列实验研究,分别获取了约束陶瓷靶和非约束陶瓷靶抗射流侵彻过程的P-t曲线和在验证靶上剩余穿深,并同时与45#钢抗侵彻数据进行对比.基于实验结果分析了不同靶板抗射流侵彻规律.实验结果表明:约束和非约束陶瓷的质量防护系数均优于45#钢;约束陶瓷的抗射流侵彻能力大大优于非约束陶瓷.     

承压含水层地下水稳定流的有限层分析

有限层法是一种对空间某一方向进行数值离散,而在其余两方向采用连续函数的半数值半解析方法.该方法能有效地将三维问题简化为一维问题求解,从根本上解决了常用数值分析方法在模拟三维地下水运动时存在的计算工作量大、占用内存多、耗时大等缺点.文中基于有限层法的优点,推导了以伽辽金法结合贝塞耳函数为基础的层状非均质各向异性承压含水层的稳定流有限层方程,并编制了相应的计算程序.通过对2个经典算例的数值解与解析解对比分析,验证了该方法的正确性.     

利用加锤摆精确测量重力加速度的方法

通过对物理摆周期的计算,得出可倒摆为物理摆的特例.对不同密度的加锤摆进行理论分析,得到只要摆锤的几何尺寸相同(回转半径相同),则沿摆杆移动的摆锤一定有两个等周期且与摆锤质量无关的周期不变点,并推导出周期不变点的位置公式.所推导的公式为精确测量重力加速度等物理量提供了理论支撑.用自制仪器所测得的实验结果与理论结果进行比较,周期误差小于0.7%.     

约束混凝土的有效约束半径

约束混凝土处于三向受压应力状态,提高了混凝土的强度和变形能力。由于周边约束提供的径向约束应力沿径向的不均匀分布,对核心混凝土的约束作用存在着一个有效的范围,在此范围之外的周边混凝土基本不再发挥约束作用。该文引入合理的简化计算模型,通过弹性力学解析解和有限元分析,得到径向约束应力沿径向的衰减分布形式,提出了对核心混凝土起约束作用的有效半径范围,即外内径比不超过3的区域。此范围与混凝土局部承压试验结果吻合良好,并能推广应用于其他形式的约束混凝土。