相转移催化合成蔗糖酯（Ⅳ）蔗糖月桂酸酯的合成

研究了合成蔗糖月桂酸酯中采用相转移催化的基本原理和方法，考察反应时间，原料的不同配比和催化剂用量对蔗糖月桂酸酯产率的影响，得出反应时间为４．５ｈ，原料配比为１∶１（摩尔数），催化剂用量为月桂酸甲酯摩尔数的８％时，其蔗糖月桂酸酯产率８６．５％～９１．２％，产物经纯化后测定，蔗糖单月桂酸酯按每克产品含蔗糖月桂酸单酯的摩尔数与理论计算的摩尔数之比为０．９７２５∶１．００００．     

相转移催化合成α－三氯代甲基苄原醇乙酸酯

阐述在合成α－三氯代甲基苄原醇乙酸酯及其主要原料α－三氯代甲基苄原醇中，采用相转移催化的基本原理和方法．考察反应时间、原料配比和催化剂用量对α－三氯代甲基苄原醇乙酸酯的影响．在反应时间为５ｈ，原料α－三氯代甲基苄原醇和乙酸酐的摩尔配比为１：１．２，无水醋酸钠催化剂和相转移催化剂（ＰＴＣ４＃）为α－三氯代甲基苄原醇摩尔数１０％时，其α－三氯代甲基苄原醇乙酸酯产率为７６％～８０％．     

无毒增塑剂乙酰柠檬酸三丁酯的合成

用固体氯化物催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯,柠檬酸三丁酯和乙酸酐反应合成乙酰柠檬酸三丁酯。研究了催化剂用量、原料配比、反应温度、反应时间对合成反应的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件：（１）酯化反应：柠檬酸∶正丁醇为１∶３．５（ｍｏｌ）;反应温度为１３０℃;反应时间５ｈ,催化剂用量０．７％;（２）乙酰化反应：柠檬酸三丁酯∶乙酸酐为１∶１．６,反应温度为８５℃,反应时间为１ｈ,催化剂用量为０．０６％。酯化收率为９６．３％,乙酰化收率为９８．５％。     

酸性树脂催化合成苯丁烯酮的研究

以酸性树脂为催化剂，由苯甲醛与丙酮合成苯丁烯酮，研究了催化剂用量、原料配比和反应时间对苯丁烯酮产率的影响。结果表明：当原料配比为3：1，催化剂用量为0．4g，反应时间3h时，产物收率可达463％，催化剂经7次重复使用后其性能仍保持稳定。     

相转移催化合成蔗糖酯：（Ⅲ）蔗糖棕榈酸酯的合成

在合成蔗糖棕榈酸酯中采用相转移催化的基本原理和方法．考察了反应时间、反应温度、原料的不同配比和催化剂用量对蔗糖棕榈酸酯重量产率的影响．得出反应时间为３ｈ，反应温度为８５～９０℃，原料棕榈酸甲酯和蔗糖的摩尔配比为１．０：２．５，催化剂用量为棕榈酸甲酯摩尔数的０．０８～０．１０时，其蔗糖棕榈酸酯产率是８８．３０％．产物经纯化后测定，所含蔗糖棕榈酸单酯与棕榈酸甲酯分子比为０．７７４０：１．００００。     

固体超强酸TiO2/SO2-4催化合成丙酸苄酯

以固体超强酸ＴｉＯ２／ＳＯ＾２－４为催化剂,环己烷为带水剂,合成了丙酸苄酯、考察了催化剂制备,催化剂用量,原料配比,反应时间等因素对酯化率的影响,其最佳反应条件为：醇酸摩尔比１：３,催化剂用量１ｇ,反应时间１．５ｈ,反应温度９５－１１０℃,酯化率达到８８％。     

稀土复合固体酸SO4^2—／Ti—La—O合成均苯四甲酸四（2—乙基己）…

本文以新型固体酸ＳＯ４＾２／Ｔｉ－Ｌａ－Ｏ为催化剂，均苯甲酸二酐和２－乙基己醇为原料，制备均苯四甲酸（２－在己）酯（ＴＯＰＭ）。研究了催化剂的用量、均苯四一酐和２－在己醇的原料配比，反应时间对酯化反应的影响。确定最佳工艺条件；在１９０℃反应温度下，催化剂用量为３％；均苯四甲酸二酐；２－乙基己醇为１：３．５；反应时间为３ｈ。测定ＴＯＰＭ的红外光谱与核磁共振谱，产品收率达９７％，酸值〈０．１ｍｇＮａＯ     

漆酚树脂固载化三氯化铁催化合成醋酸异戊酯

用漆酚树脂固载化三氯化铁高分子催化剂合成醋酸异戊酯，对催化剂进行了红外光谱表征．考察了原料配比、反应时间、催化剂用量等因素对酯化反应的影响．实验表明，该催化剂有很好的催化活性，当醇酸物质的量之比为0．6：1，反应3h，催化剂用量为醇质量的2．3％-3．4％时，酯化收率可达88％，产品纯度达99．5％．且该催化剂具有腐蚀性小，可以重复使用等优点．     

苯甲酸氧化制取苯酚

本文研究了以苯甲酸作为原料,液相催化氧化制取苯酚。阐述了催化剂配比,反应温度、反应时间对合成反应的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件,催化剂物质的量配比为１：１,反应温度２１０－２３０℃,反应时间为１０ｈ,产品收率达９３．７％。     

稀土复合固体酸SO_4~(2-)/Ti-La-O 合成均苯四甲酸四(2-乙基己)酯(Ⅱ)

本文以新型固体酸ＳＯ２－４／Ｔｉ－Ｌａ－Ｏ为催化剂，均苯四甲酸二酐和２－乙基己醇为原料，制备均苯四甲酸四（２－乙基己）酯（ＴＯＰＭ）。研究了催化剂的用量、均苯四甲酸二酐和２－乙基己醇的原料配比，反应时间对酯化反应的影响。确定最佳工艺条件：在１９０℃反应温度下，催化剂用量为３％（以均酐量计）；均苯四甲酸二酐：２－乙基己醇为１３．５（ｍｏｌ）；反应时间为３ｈ。测定ＴＯＰＭ的红外光谱与核磁共振谱，产品收率达９７％，酸值＜０．１ｍｇＮａＯＨ／ｇ，酯含量≥９９％。酯化工艺的产品质量高、收率高、工艺简单具有推广应用价值。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with