Ethanol from cellulose

Summary An excess of organic waste, containing up to 60% cellulose and hemicellulose is produced worldwide. The conversion of this cellulosic material to ethanol is discussed: The two-step process consisting of a hydrolysis step to glucose and the subsequent fermentation by yeasts; and the one-step process, a fermentation of the cellulose by the anaerobic thermophileClostridium thermocellum, or by a thermophilic, anaerobic, defined mixed culture. The use of the latter seems to be very feasible., To achieve an economic process, it is suggested to combine this approach with a thermophilic fermentation of the effluent and/or stillage obtained to produce methane.Acknowledgment. Part of this work was supported by Energy and Research Development Administration contract number EY-76-509-0888-M003, and by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Degradation of chlorobenzoates byAspergillus niger

Summary InA. niger, the degradation of chlorobenzoates follows the protocatechuate branch of ß-ketoadipate pathway and the elimination of chloride takes place in the first hydroxylation step prior to ring cleavage.Acknowledgment. We wish to thank B.V. Kamath and Prof. Y.K. Agrawal for their help and advice in completing this investigation.     

Experimental hypertension elicited by injections of methyl cellulose

Résumé Des injections sous-cutanés d'une solution de méthyl-cellulose provoquent dans la rate une vraie hypertension artérielle maligne. Les animaux utilisés eurent fréquemment des dèmes et des ascites et toujours des lésions artérielles dans le cur, les reins et ailleurs.

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This study was supported by grants H-2703 and H-4327 from the United States Public Health Service.     

土壤退化研究的进展及展望

本文论述了土壤退化的涵义、现状、研究进展,并对今后的发展趋势作了展望。     

Degradation of phenylalanine in the presence of hydrogen peroxide

Summary UV-irradiation of phenylalanine by 253.7 nm light in the presence of hydrogen peroxide formed 5 ninhydrin reactive products and ammonia. Four of them were identified as aspartic acid, serine, alanine and lysine.Acknowledgments. This work was supported by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. Thanks are due to the Head of the Department for facilities and to. Mr.Rakesh C. Sharma for help.     

Carboxymethyl cellulose additives in penicillins and the elicitation of anaphylactic reactions

Zusammenfassung Penicilloylierte Carboxymethylzellulose bildet sich schon in der Kälte beim Stehen von Penicillinlösungen mit Carboxymethylzellulose. Die entstehenden Konjugate sind befähigt, penicilloylspezifische, kutane anaphylaktische Reaktionen auszulösen.     

Degradation of encephalitogenic protein in aerobic ascorbic acid solutions

Summary Aerobic ascorbic acid solutions are capable of extensively cleaving the peptide chain of the myelin basic protein. Cleavage occurred most readily with C-terminal to aspartic acid, serine, threonine, glutamic acid and leucine residues.This research was supported in part by the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, grant number RG928-A-1.     

UV光强度对甲基橙光催化降解性能影响的研究

以自制的纳米TiO2为光催化剂,甲基橙（MO）为模型污染物,在自行设计的浅池光催化反应器上进行了甲基橙光催化降解反应研究,主要研究了紫外光强度（I）对MO光催化降解速率及降解反应的表观光量子产率（Φapp）的影响。实验结果表明,紫外光强度（I）对甲基橙光催化降解反应的速率常数（k）影响较大;通过对实验数据进行拟舍,得到紫外光强度（I）与反应速率常数（k）之间的关联式;此外,在对多相光催化反应体系的光量子产率（Φapp）进行定义的基础上,通过对光催化反应体系提出几点合理假设,建立了一个可用于估算光催化反应体系光量子产率的简化数学模型。     

Degradation of phenylalanine in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.

UV-irradiation of phenylalanine by 253.7 nm light in the presence of hydrogen peroxide formed 5 ninhydrin reactive products and ammonia. Four of them were identified as aspartic acid, serine, alanine and lysine.     

Degradation of encephalitogenic protein in aerobic ascorbic acid solutions.

Aerobic ascorbic acid solutions are capable of extensively cleaving the peptide chain of the myelin basic protein. Cleavage occurred most readily with C-terminal to aspartic acid, serine, threonine, glutamic acid and leucine residues.     

Effect of pectin and cellulose on formation and regression of gallstones in hamsters

Male Syrian hamsters were fed a lithogenic diet containing 7% cellulose or 4.2% pectin. After 50 days, pectin was 76% and cellulose 64% less lithogenic than the control diet. Hamsters fed the control diet for 50 days were maintained on that diet for another 50 days or fed diets containing cellulose or pectin. There was a 52% increase in gallstone incidence in hamsters continued on the control diet and a 9% increase in those on cellulose. Pectin promoted regression of gallstones (by 52%).     

Effect of pectin and cellulose on formation and regression of gallstones in hamsters

Summary Male Syrian hamsters were fed a lithogenic diet containing 7% cellulose or 4.2% pectin. After 50 days, pectin was 76% and cellulose 64% less lithogenic than the control diet. Hamsters fed the control diet for 50 days were maintained on that diet for another 50 days or fed diets containing cellulose or pectin. These was a 52% increase in gallstone incidence in hamsters continued on the control diet and a 9% increase in those on cellulose. Pectin promoted regression of gallstones (by 52%).Acknowledgments. This work was supported, in part, by a grant (HL-03299) and a Research Career Award (HL-00734) from the National Institutes of Health, and by funds from Mary L. Smith and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.     

Degradation of collagen by the cariogenic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans

The behaviour of cariogenic Bacteria (Streptococcus mutans) is studied with regard to collagen, which represents 90% of the dentine organic matrix. Collagenase activity of cariogenic Bacteria is measured with radioactive precursors and gel electrophoresis and compared to reference bacterial collagenase (Clostridium histolyticum). Labelled collagen substrate has been prepared with two different methods: extraction by 0,5 M acetic acid from young Rat skin, previously labelled with L-proline 14C, or reduction by Na B3H4. Both collagen sutstrates have been incubated for 2 h in Terleckyj medium in which the Streptococcus mutans have been inoculated. The experiments show a proteolytic activity of Streptococcus Mutans on the collagen substrate.     

A rapid micro radial electrophoretic method of protein separation on cellulose acetate membranes

Summary A new rapid micromethod for protein separation under a radial electric field is described. As many as 12 rabbit serum samples could be separated in 4–6 min.The authors are thankful to Dr P.K. Ramachandran, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, for the sustained interest and helpful suggestions.     

Degradation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide by gut juice of the snailHelix pomatia

Summary Lipopolysaccharides from several bacteria were selectively degraded by gut juice of the snailHelix pomatia with extensive loss of anticomplementary activity and changes in the electrophoretic pattern in polyacrylamide gels. The gut juice had little effect on ketodeoxyoctonate content or immunodominant sugars. The lipid A moiety of the lipopolysaccharide appeared to be the main site of attack.