抗性淀粉转基因大米和亲本大米营养成分的比较研究

对抗性淀粉转基因大米和亲本大米的营养成分进行了比较研究,营养成分的检测包括抗性淀粉、宏量营养素、脂肪酸、氨基酸、维生素和矿物质.研究发现抗性淀粉转基因大米中除了碳水化合物,脂肪酸中肉豆寇酸、棕榈酸、硬酯酸、油酸、α-亚麻酸,氨基酸中天冬氨酸,铁和叶酸含量略低于亲本大米外,其余营养素含量均不低于亲本大米.因此,认为抗性淀粉转基因大米中营养成分并没有因为抗性淀粉含量的提高而受到影响,两者之间营养成分具有实质等同性.     

山东理工大学一项科研成果达到国际领先水平

2008年9月21日由山东理工大学轻工与农业工程学院申德超教授主持完成的“啤酒辅料挤压膨化研究”通过了山东省科技厅技术成果鉴定。该项目在国内外首次提出并深入研究了啤酒辅料的低温挤压膨化加工技术及装备,对挤压温度、压力、加酶与不加酶、加酶量进行了深入研究,突破了国内外学者认为挤压啤酒辅料的麦汁过滤困难的难题,简化了糖化工艺,降低了能耗,提高了原料利用率,做出了创新性的贡献。研制成功生产率为1~2t/h啤酒辅料低温挤压膨化机。在北京燕京、山东邹城等啤酒厂进行了上千千升啤酒的生产试验,结果表明,采用低温挤压膨化加工的啤酒辅料与传统啤酒生产技术相比,可使啤酒产量增加2%~3%。由中国工程院汪懋华院士、蒋亦元院士等著名专家组成的鉴定委员会认真听取了课题组的汇报,审查了有关技术资料和文件,现场考察了实验装备,经过认真讨论一致认为:该项目在国内外首次进行了啤酒辅料低温挤压膨化的研究,在加工方法、加工工艺和加工设备上有重要创新,在啤酒辅料低温挤压膨化研究方面达到了国际领先水平。科技处窦红梅2008年9月22日山东理工大学一项科研成果达到国际领先水平$山东理工大学科技处@窦红梅     

蔗汁生产啤酒发酵特性的研究

论述了在100L啤酒生产设备上,分别用大米与蔗汁为辅料生产啤酒的对照试验,通过考察两种辅料所得麦汁的主要成分,对两种麦汁的外观发酵度、可发酵浸出物、酵母利用还原糖和α-氨基氮的情况、酒精生成量及双乙酰等发酵参数进行研究.结果表明,酵母在添加蔗汁辅料的麦汁中能正常发酵,所得啤酒的各项理化指标均符合国家标准GB4927.     

啤酒糟栽培北虫草的培养基配方研究

以啤酒糟和大米为原料,研究培养基中啤酒糟含量对北虫草子实体产量和质量的影响.实验结果表明,以100%啤酒糟做培养基是可以栽培北虫草的,但是北虫草子实体产量和质量不如添加一定量大米的培养基;当培养基中啤酒糟含量≤83%时,对北虫草子实体产量影响不大;啤酒糟含量≤50%时,北虫草子实体质量达最佳状态.     

红米/大米半固态酿制米酒的比较研究

对比大米/红米两种原料半固态发酵试验对米酒出酒率和感官质量等指标的影响.结果表明,红米和大米的原料出酒率、淀粉出酒率分别为52.01%和52.50%、71.65%和70.42%,大米的出酒率比红米略高;红米和大米酒的总酸、总酯分别为0.20 g/L、0.12 g/L,0.27 g/L、0.15 g/L,大米的总酸和总酯...     

三种果粉中矿物质和淀粉含量的测定及抗氧化性研究

测定了木瓜粉、南瓜粉、神秘果粉以及它们的混合果粉(南瓜粉∶木瓜粉∶神秘果粉比例为1∶5∶5)的矿物质和淀粉含量,分析了消化后果粉的抗氧化能力.利用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了果粉中Ca、Zn、Mg含量以及生物利用度,分析了各元素的溶解率和透析率.以DPPH清除能力法来评价其抗氧化性.果粉的抗性淀粉、可消化淀粉、总淀粉的测定采用葡萄糖氧化酶法.测定结果表明,各果粉中Ca的含量均相对较高,其中木瓜粉含Ca量最高,为3969.88mg/100g.DPPH自由基清除能力由强到弱依次为:神秘果粉木瓜粉﹥南瓜粉﹥混合粉.各果粉的消化淀粉含量均比抗性淀粉的含量高.神秘果粉的消化淀粉含量最高,为29.18%.     

沙蓬籽的酚类组成、抗氧化活性及其淀粉体外消化特性

以小米、黑米和大米3种谷物为参照,研究了沙蓬籽的多酚化学组成、体外抗氧化活性及其淀粉体外消化特性。采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)从沙蓬籽中鉴定出8种多酚类化合物,其中以原儿茶酸含量最高,达到207.67μg/g干重。沙蓬籽表现出较高的DPPH、ABTS自由基清除活性和铁离子还原能力,且显著高于大米和小米。同时,沙蓬籽中抗性淀粉的含量高达17.54%,其血糖生成指数显著低于大米和黑米。     

大米蛋白与蒸煮品质相关性研究进展

大米是中国人的最重要主食之一,其主要食用方式是蒸煮鲜食,因此研究其组分与蒸煮品质的相关性具有重要理论意义和实用价值。蛋白质是水稻种子胚乳中仅次于淀粉的第二大组分,是与大米食用品质相关的指标之一。大米蛋白的主成分是谷蛋白,大约占总蛋白的65%～80%,其余部分由清蛋白、醇溶蛋白、球蛋白构成。大米蛋白是优质的植物蛋白之一,和大豆蛋白及小麦蛋白相比较,大米蛋白的结构与性质的研究还不够深入系统,大米蛋白质与其食用品质的相关性研究更显不足。对大米蛋白组成、结构及其与蒸煮食味品质的相关性研究进展及成果进行了归纳分析,以期发现研究的不足和学术趋向。     

大米淀粉的综合应用及其发展前景研究

大米是一种主要的粮食,大米中淀粉的含量高达70%以上,如何更加有效地利用大米尤其是其中的淀粉是人们最近研究的热点。简单介绍了大米淀粉的性质、生产技术,并且对大米淀粉的应用也做了简单的介绍。     

啤酒生产中淀粉酶的应用

啤酒生产以大麦和大米为主要原料。随着啤酒产量的增加,麦芽供不应求。为进一步贯彻执行毛主席关于“增加生产,厉行节约”的教导,该厂组成“三结合”试验小组,自1970年以来,应用 BF7658细菌淀粉酶代替麦芽液化大米淀粉,在原有设备条件下,每吨啤酒节约用粮10公斤,全年可节约129.23吨。麦芽用量由76%下降到50～60%。     

水稻胚乳淀粉积累及其结构研究进展

从水稻胚乳的发育,胚乳淀粉的积累、胚乳淀粉细胞的生化变化及其对稻米品质的影响和胚乳淀粉细胞结构与稻米品质的关系综述了水稻胚乳淀粉积累及其结构研究进展。     

A Review of Rice Starch-Related Genes

Rice is an important food crop grown in more than 100 countries, and is of particular significance for the Asian people. Obtaining rice cultivars characterized by high yield and outstanding quality has always been the desire of rice breeders and scientists. Starch is the principal source of human energy from plant foods. The starch in rice consists of mainly amylose, amylopectin and resistant starch(RS). Amylose and amylopectin are forms of starch that are easily digested in the small intestine, and play an important role in defining the quality of rice. RS is a new form of dietary fiber not easily degraded into glucose in the small intestine which effectively reduces postprandial blood glucose concentration, so it has a significant effect on the nutritional quality of rice. This paper discusses the current gene function research of these three starches in rice, analyzes the effects of some abiotic stress on rice starch content and structure, and explores the relationship between them in order to provide a theoretical reference for the cultivation of new high-quality, high-RS content rice varieties.     

New technology to examine and improve the purity of hybrid rice with herbicide resistant gene

The herbicide resistant bar gene has been widely used as selectable marker genes in the study on plant genetic transformation. Owing to the integration of the gene into rice genome, transgenic rice was resistant to the herbicide Basta. Therefore, selection of transgenic plant md genetic analysis became easier. In the studies, bar gene was introduced as a genetic marker gene into ria restore lie variety of two-line or three-line. Combined with conventional breeding method, the good herbicide resistant individual plant was derived as the new restorc line for hybrid combination. After sprayed with Basta at seeding phasc. the real hybrid rice that hnd herbicide resistance could grow normally, while the fnke hybrid rice and weeds, having no bar gene, were killed by herbicide. The method described above helped rapidly to examine and improve the purity of hybrid rice.     

Isolation of candidateR disease resistance genes from rice

Using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based method six distinct candidate disease resistant gene (R) homologs from rice have been isolated. The rice sequences are organized into two phylogenetic groups with contrasting genomic organization patterns. The first group, represented by a single sequence, Osh359-1, is more similar to non-riceR sequences than to rice ones and has a simple genomic organization. The second group, represented by Osh359-3, contains the remaining five rice sequences. Osh359-3 consists of a multi-gene family. The members of Osh359-3 family are further found to be clustered together in the genome.     

Generation of selectable marker-free transgenic rice resistant to chewing insects using two co-transformation systems

To produce selectable marker-free (SMF) transgenic rice resistant to chewing insects, the Bacillus thuringiensis cryIA(c) gene (Bt) was introduced into two elite japonica rice varieties by using two Agrobacterium-mediated co-transformation systems. One system is with a single mini-twin T-DNA binary vector in one Agrobacterium strain, which consists of two separate T-DNA regions, one carrying the Bt while the other contains the selectable marker gene, hygromycin resistant gene (HPT). The other system uses two separate binary vectors in two separate Agrobacterium cultures, containing the Bt or HPT gene on individual plasmids. A lot of independent transgenic rice lines harboring both Bt and selectable marker genes were obtained. The results showed that the co-transformation frequency of the Bt gene and HPT gene was much higher by using the mini-twin T-DNA vector system (29.87%) than that by the two separate binary vector systems (4.52%). However, the frequency of the SMF transgenic rice plants obtained from the offspring of co-transgenic plants (21.74%) was lower for the mini-twin T-DNA vector system than that for the latter (50-60%). The data of ELISA implied that the expressed Bt proteins were quantitated as 0.025-0.103% of total leaf soluble proteins in the transgenic plant. Therefore, several elite transgenic rice lines, free of the selectable marker gene, were chosen. The results from both in vitro and in vivo insect bioassays indicated that the SMF transgenic rice was shown to be highly resistant to the striped stem borer and rice leaf folder. Moreover, in a natural field condition without any insecticide applied, all the transgenic rice plants were found to be not injured by the rice leaf folder, whereas the wild types were impaired seriously.     

Genetic diversity and disease control in rice

Crop heterogeneity is a possible solution to the vulnerability of monocultured crops to disease. Both theory and observation indicate that genetic heterogeneity provides greater disease suppression when used over large areas, though experimental data are lacking. Here we report a unique cooperation among farmers, researchers and extension personnel in Yunnan Province, China--genetically diversified rice crops were planted in all the rice fields in five townships in 1998 and ten townships in 1999. Control plots of monocultured crops allowed us to calculate the effect of diversity on the severity of rice blast, the major disease of rice. Disease-susceptible rice varieties planted in mixtures with resistant varieties had 89% greater yield and blast was 94% less severe than when they were grown in monoculture. The experiment was so successful that fungicidal sprays were no longer applied by the end of the two-year programme. Our results support the view that intraspecific crop diversification provides an ecological approach to disease control that can be highly effective over a large area and contribute to the sustainability of crop production.     

超声波-压热法制备莲子抗性淀粉工艺研究

通过湿磨法获得莲子原淀粉,运用超声波对原淀粉进行预处理,并结合压热法制备抗性淀粉.以淀粉乳浓度、超声波功率、超声波处理时间、压热时间以及压热温度为单因素,研究其对莲子抗性淀粉得率的影响.通过正交优化分析获得最优工艺条件.结果表明,在莲子淀粉乳浓度为45％,超声波功率为300W,超声波处理时间为55 min,压热时间为15 min,压热温度为1 15℃的条件下,莲子抗性淀粉得率较高,达到56.12％.     

Development of gene-tagged molecular markers for starch synthesis-related genes in rice

Improving grain quality is an important goal in breeding new elite rice varieties, requiring effective tools for the identification of target genotypes. Molecular marker-aided selection (MAS), combined with conventional breeding approaches, enables us to precisely identify the individual genotypes that are associated with different grain quality features, which can dramatically improve the breeding efficiency. However, to date, the number of molecular markers used in MAS for grain quality improvement is still somewhat limited. In this study, based on our previous study that rice grain quality is strongly associated with starch synthesis in the endosperm, we developed 51 gene-tagged molecular markers according to sequence variations in 18 starch synthesis-related genes from 16 typical rice cultivars. These markers can discriminate the different alleles among rice germplasms. These novel markers will provide effective tools in improving grain quality via the breeding new elite rice varieties.     

双酶法制备糙米乳工艺

糙米营养全面,富含生物活性物质和矿物质,但由于其组织结构的原因,口感较差,人体难于消化,制约了它在人们膳食中的消费。研究一种糙米乳的生产工艺,为提高糙米的可食性开拓新的途径。采用双酶法降解糙米所含大量淀粉,既可降低米乳的浆液黏度,改善口感和状态,又能提高米乳中葡萄糖含量,降低生产成本。利用α-淀粉酶和糖化酶对糙米乳液进行液化和糖化处理,通过单因素试验和正交试验,以DE值(葡萄糖当量)为指标,优化了糙米酶解的工艺参数:α-淀粉酶用量为0.35g/100mL,65℃保温40min;糖化酶用量0.35g/100mL,60℃保温8h。酶解后淀粉降解,DE值达到最高35.68%,乳液状态良好。