川西南寒武系沉积体系分析

四川盆地川西南地区寒武系分布广泛,主要由海相陆源碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩及其过渡岩类组成。根据钻井、录井和测井等资料以及沉积相标志的综合分析,指出本区寒武纪早期（筇竹寺期和沧浪铺期）发育海相陆源碎屑沉积体系,主要包含陆源碎屑滨岸和浅海陆棚两种沉积相;晚期以发育碳酸盐岩台地沉积体系为特色,主要由碳酸盐潮坪、混积潮坪、半局限～局限海台地相组成。沉积特征和沉积相分布研究表明,区内物源主要来自西侧的康滇古陆,海域总体上表现出西北浅东南深的变化趋势,沉积相带呈北西—南东向错落有序分布。     

Geochemical evidence for widespread euxinia in the later Cambrian ocean

Widespread anoxia in the ocean is frequently invoked as a primary driver of mass extinction as well as a long-term inhibitor of evolutionary radiation on early Earth. In recent biogeochemical studies it has been hypothesized that oxygen deficiency was widespread in subsurface water masses of later Cambrian oceans, possibly influencing evolutionary events during this time. Physical evidence of widespread anoxia in Cambrian oceans has remained elusive and thus its potential relationship to the palaeontological record remains largely unexplored. Here we present sulphur isotope records from six globally distributed stratigraphic sections of later Cambrian marine rocks (about 499 million years old). We find a positive sulphur isotope excursion in phase with the Steptoean Positive Carbon Isotope Excursion (SPICE), a large and rapid excursion in the marine carbon isotope record, which is thought to be indicative of a global carbon cycle perturbation. Numerical box modelling of the paired carbon sulphur isotope data indicates that these isotope shifts reflect transient increases in the burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulphur in sediments deposited under large-scale anoxic and sulphidic (euxinic) conditions. Independently, molybdenum abundances in a coeval black shale point convincingly to the transient spread of anoxia. These results identify the SPICE interval as the best characterized ocean anoxic event in the pre-Mesozoic ocean and an extreme example of oxygen deficiency in the later Cambrian ocean. Thus, a redox structure similar to those in Proterozoic oceans may have persisted or returned in the oceans of the early Phanerozoic eon. Indeed, the environmental challenges presented by widespread anoxia may have been a prevalent if not dominant influence on animal evolution in Cambrian oceans.     

Skara hunanensis a new species of Skaracarida (Crustacea) from Upper Cambrian (Furongian) of Hunan, south China

The fossils of Orsten-type preservation are as famous as Chengjiang Fauna in the world, but it was not until 2005 that the Orsten-type fossils represented by Skaracarida and Phosphatocopida were first reported to be found in western Hunan, South China. Here, we report the systematic paleontology of all the exquisitely preserved specimens belonging to Skaracarida. They were found at a same horizon of Upper Cambrian (Furongian) in Wangcun section, western Hunan, south China, assigned to a new species Skara hunanensis herein. Skara hunanensis is characterized by small, soft-integumented, marine forms with slender, annulate body; labrum large and ventrocaudally directed; uniramous antennulae; biramous antennae and mandibulae; maxillas and maxillipeds of the same shape; all postantennular limbs join a short cephalic filter apparatus. The body has two tagmata: a cephalon with five pairs of well developed appendages and a trunk composed of 11 ring-shaped conical segments.     

Phylogeny of higher taxa of hexapoda according to 12sRNA sequences

The phylogenetic relationship of Hexapoda has been debated for a long time, which will be resolved mainly depending on the settlement of monophyly, affinities and interrelationships among Protura, Collembola and Diplura. Mitochondrial 12sRNA gene about 355 bp fragments from one proturan species, two collembolan species, two dipluran species and one oribatid species were sequenced. The Kimura 2-parameter distances were calculated and a series of molecular phylogenetic trees were reconstructed by using the N-J method, from which the following points were drawn: (ⅰ) Protura and Collembola compose a monophyletic group representing absent-cerci; (ⅱ) Diplura is not a monophyletic group, in which Campodeoid with filiform cerci belongs to a clade and Japygoid with pincer cerci and Ectognatha compose another clade, that is, Insecta s. str. stemmed from Japygoid. So it would be suggested that the phylogenetic relationship of Hexapoda is [Parainsecta (Collembola + Protura) +Campodeoid +Insecta (Japygoid + Ectognatha)].     

Skara hunanensis a new species of Skaracarida (Crustacea) from Upper Cambrian (Furongian) of Hunan,south China

The fossils of Orsten-type preservation are as famous as Chengjiang Fauna in the world,but it was not until 2005 that the Orsten-type fossils represented by Skaraearida and Phosphatocopida were first reported to be found in western Hunan,South China. Here,we report the systematic paleontology of all the exquisitely preserved specimens belonging to Skaraearida.They were found at a same horizon of Upper Cambrian (Furongian) in Wangcun section,western Hunan,south China,assigned to a new species Skara huna- nensis herein.Skara hunanensis is characterized by small,soft-integumented,marine forms with slender,annulate body;labrum large and ventrocaudally directed;uniramous antennulae;biramous antennae and mandibulae;maxillas and maxillipeds of the same shape;all postantennular limbs join a short cephalic filter apparatus.The body has two tagmata:a cephalon with five pairs of well developed ap- pendages and a trunk composed of 11 ring-shaped conical segments.     

Terminal Proterozoic reorganization of biogeochemical cycles

The Proterozoic aeon (2,500-540 million years ago) saw episodic increases in atmospheric oxygen content, the evolution of multicellular life and, at its close, an enormous radiation of animal diversity. These profound biological and environmental changes must have been linked, but the underlying mechanisms have been obscure. Here we show that hydrocarbons extracted from Proterozoic sediments in several locations worldwide are derived mainly from bacteria or other heterotrophs rather than from photosynthetic organisms. Biodegradation of algal products in sedimenting matter was therefore unusually complete, indicating that organic material was extensively reworked as it sank slowly through the water column. We propose that a significant proportion of this reworking will have been mediated by sulphate-reducing bacteria, forming sulphide. The production of sulphide and consumption of oxygen near the ocean surface will have inhibited transport of O2 to the deep ocean. We find that preservation of algal-lipid skeletons improves at the beginning of the Cambrian, reflecting the increase in transport by rapidly sinking faecal pellets. We suggest that this rapid removal of organic matter will have increased oxygenation of surface waters, leading to a descent of the O2-sulphide interface to the sea floor and to marked changes in the marine environment, ultimately contributing to the Cambrian radiation.     

A giant Ordovician anomalocaridid

Anomalocaridids, giant lightly sclerotized invertebrate predators, occur in a number of exceptionally preserved early and middle Cambrian (542-501?million years ago) biotas and have come to symbolize the unfamiliar morphologies displayed by stem organisms in faunas of the Burgess Shale type. They are characterized by a pair of anterior, segmented appendages, a circlet of plates around the mouth, and an elongate segmented trunk lacking true tergites with a pair of flexible lateral lobes per segment. Disarticulated body parts, such as the anterior appendages and oral circlet, had been assigned to a range of taxonomic groups--but the discovery of complete specimens from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale showed that these disparate elements all belong to a single kind of animal. Phylogenetic analyses support a position of anomalocaridids in the arthropod stem, as a sister group to the euarthropods. The anomalocaridids were the largest animals in Cambrian communities. The youngest unequivocal examples occur in the middle Cambrian Marjum Formation of Utah but an arthropod retaining some anomalocaridid characteristics is present in the Devonian of Germany. Here we report the post-Cambrian occurrence of anomalocaridids, from the Early Ordovician (488-472?million years ago) Fezouata Biota in southeastern Morocco, including specimens larger than any in Cambrian biotas. These giant animals were an important element of some marine communities for about 30?million years longer than previously realized. The Moroccan specimens confirm the presence of a dorsal array of flexible blades attached to a transverse rachis on the trunk segments; these blades probably functioned as gills.     

贵州地区寒武系层序地层学研究

研究了贵州地区寒武系露头剖面的层序地层学，在寒武系识别出了１０个层序边界，划分出了９个（三级）层序及２５个体系域，其中，寒武系的底界面和顶界面，以及中下寒武统间的较大沉积间断面为Ⅰ类层序边界，其余为Ⅱ类层序边界，论述了该区的沉积演化史，指出金顶山期、高台期是同生断层剧烈活动的两个时期；牛蹄塘期（及明心寺早期）的南方海域基本上是统一的；台地、台地斜坡、广海盆地三大沉积区的格局形成于金顶山期，加强于高台期，稳定、发育于中晚寒武世。止于寒武纪末期，该区的两个沉积模式：一为巨大的坡缓底平的海域沉积模式；为牛蹄塘组层序及明心寺组层序发育时期的沉积模式；二为台地－（台地）斜坡－（广海）盆地沉积模式，为寒武纪金顶山期后沉积模式，研究结果表明，贵州省有比云南梅树村地区下寒武统渔户村组更老的地层，其东南海槽可能是浅海。     

基于模糊相似优先比法的济南四大泉群补给来源

为维持济南四大泉群持续喷涌,探明泉水的补给来源尤为重要.以补给区岩溶水与泉水水化学特征为依据,利用模糊相似优先比法确定趵突泉、黑虎泉、潭西泉、珍珠泉模糊相似优先顺序,结合泉群出露区地质、水文地质条件以及泉水水质、水温、水位、电导率数据,对四大泉群补给来源进行研究.可以得出:①泉水主要受东南、西南、正南方向岩溶水补给,且...     

英文版《中国显生宙腕足动物属志》编著出版

 《中国显生宙腕足动物属志》对中国显生宙古生代（寒武纪、奥陶纪、志留纪、泥盆纪、石炭纪和二叠纪）和中生代（三叠纪、侏罗纪和白垩纪）9个纪的海相地层中、于1883至2015年、根据中国材料创建的757个属的腕足动物化石进行逐一查考和再研究，对属的取舍及其分类位置提出了新观点，并将相关的模式种展示于125个图版中。在最新各纪年代地层框架下，更新各属的地质历程，并确定各属的地理分布。在梳理相关的其他腕足动物属的基础上，论述各时期的化石组合或动物群；并对显生宙几个重大宏演化过程中腕足动物的作用和意义进行了探讨。中国的这些腕足动物化石，不仅在地层划分对比、盆地分析和矿产勘探上有重要意义，在古生态、古生物地理、古气候与古环境及全球古地理再造上，也具有独到的学术价值。     

Phylogeny and life habits of Early Arthropods-Predation in the Early Cambrian Sea

We investigated two new arthropods from the Maotianshan-Shale fauna of southern China in the course of our research on life strategies, particularly predation, in Early Cambrian marine macrofaunal biota. One form clearly belongs to the so-called "great-appendage" arthropods, animals that were, most likely, active predators catching prey with their first pair of large, specialized frontoventral appendages. Based on this, we hypothesize that the new species and many others, if not all, of the "great-appendage" arthropods were derivatives of the chelicerate stem lineage and not forms having branched off at different nodes along the evolutionary lineage of the Arthropoda. Rather, we consider the "great-appendage" arthropods as belonging to a monophyletic clade, which modified autapomorphically their first pair of appendages (antennae in general arthropod terminology) into raptorial organs for food capture. The second new form resembles another Maotianshan-Shale arthropod, Fuxianhuia protensa, in sharing a head made of only two separate segments, a small segment bearing oval eyes laterally, and another bearing a large tergite, which forms a wide shield freely overhanging the subsequent narrow trunk segments. This segment bears a single pair of rather short anteriorly directed uniramous appendages, considered as the "still" limb-shaped antennae. Particularly the evolutionary status of head and limbs of these two forms suggests that both are representatives of the early part of the stem lineage toward the crown-group of Arthropoda, the Euarthropoda. These forms appear rather unspecialized, but may have been but simple predators. This adds to our hypothesis that predation was a common, if not dominant feeding strategy in the Cambrian, at least for arthropods.     

Formation of the 'Great Unconformity' as a trigger for the Cambrian explosion

The transition between the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic eons, beginning 542?million years (Myr) ago, is distinguished by the diversification of multicellular animals and by their acquisition of mineralized skeletons during the Cambrian period. Considerable progress has been made in documenting and more precisely correlating biotic patterns in the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian fossil record with geochemical and physical environmental perturbations, but the mechanisms responsible for those perturbations remain uncertain. Here we use new stratigraphic and geochemical data to show that early Palaeozoic marine sediments deposited approximately 540-480?Myr ago record both an expansion in the area of shallow epicontinental seas and anomalous patterns of chemical sedimentation that are indicative of increased oceanic alkalinity and enhanced chemical weathering of continental crust. These geochemical conditions were caused by a protracted period of widespread continental denudation during the Neoproterozoic followed by extensive physical reworking of soil, regolith and basement rock during the first continental-scale marine transgression of the Phanerozoic. The resultant globally occurring stratigraphic surface, which in most regions separates continental crystalline basement rock from much younger Cambrian shallow marine sedimentary deposits, is known as the Great Unconformity. Although Darwin and others have interpreted this widespread hiatus in sedimentation on the continents as a failure of the geologic record, this palaeogeomorphic surface represents a unique physical environmental boundary condition that affected seawater chemistry during a time of profound expansion of shallow marine habitats. Thus, the formation of the Great Unconformity may have been an environmental trigger for the evolution of biomineralization and the 'Cambrian explosion' of ecologic and taxonomic diversity following the Neoproterozoic emergence of animals.     

中国扬子海盆——世界上罕见寒武纪生命大爆发和辐射进化的化石库

在简要论述我国扬子地块或扬子海盆,包括现今云南、贵州、湖南和湖北等地,寒武纪地层中相继发现的以澄江生物群、凯里生物群、牛蹄塘生物群和清江生物群等为代表的特异埋藏群及其与加拿大布尔吉斯页岩生物群的对比的同时,讨论了最近发现的湖北清江生物群的产出时代和层位、组合特征,并对上述生物群的生态和埋藏环境进行了分析与对比.认为大规模两侧对称动物门类的出现和多门类后生动物骨骼化是构成寒武纪动物大爆发的最主要特征.以上生物群的发现和研究,不仅展示寒武纪大爆发的客观存在,也说明在漫长地质历史时期,生物进化并非都是沿着达尔文渐进论的进化轨迹,从低级向高级发展;只要环境许可,生物在相对短暂时间内,采用一种爆发式和多样性辐射进化的模式,也可以出现大量门一级生物,而且这种进化模式在生物进化的历程中具有划时代的重要意义.前寒武纪罗迪尼亚(Rodinia)超大陆裂解和聚合而引发的、并波及我国南方的距今10亿～8亿年左右的晋宁造山事件,以及雪球事件后因气候变暖,大气和水中有机质和氧及二氧化碳含量的急剧变化,尤其是大气和水中氧气含量的增加,为我国扬子海盆寒武纪大爆发提供了必要的前提,也为动物的繁衍和骨骼化创造了极好的生态条件.但只有那些生活在海水相对较深,表层水柱充氧而底层缺氧、古地理位置处于扬子碳酸盐岩台地陆棚或陆棚边缘或台缘斜坡或凹陷中的岩家河、澄江、牛蹄塘、清江、凯里等生物群,才有可能在缺氧的海底被保存下来,并形成深色和黑色页岩或泥岩特异埋藏群或化石库.     

寒武系盐盆地的分布特征及其对中国成盐找钾的意义

 寒武系膏盐岩在世界范围内广泛分布,以亚洲寒武系分布最为广泛,含盐岩系主要分布在俄罗斯东西伯利亚、伊朗—印度—巴基斯坦—阿曼和中国.东西伯利亚、伊朗—印度—巴基斯坦均有钾盐发现.构造基底性质对钾盐盆地的形成具有关键性控制作用：稳定构造区在准稳定区有利聚钾;准稳定区在局部稳定构造区利于聚盐成钾,如形成于早寒武世的涅帕钾盐矿床——世界上大型钾盐矿之一,即位于前寒武纪地层为基底的古拗陷区.中国主要的古代盐盆地多发育于以前寒武纪为基底的准克拉通(陆块)中.近年来,随着油气勘查和盐业开发工作,中国上扬子陆块、华北陆块和塔里木陆块相继发现了4个大型的膏盐岩盆地.上扬子陆块与塔里木陆块发现单层厚度较大的岩盐沉积及较好的成钾水化学显示,为在中国寒武系蒸发岩盆地开展成盐找钾工作提供了重要依据.     

An epipodite-bearing crown-group crustacean from the Lower Cambrian

Crown-group crustaceans (Eucrustacea) are common in the fossil record of the past 500 million years back to the early Ordovician period, and very rare representatives are also known from the late Middle and Late Cambrian periods. Finds in Lower Cambrian rocks of the Phosphatocopina, the fossil sister group to eucrustaceans, imply that members of the eucrustacean stem lineage co-occurred, but it remained unclear whether crown-group members were also present at that time. 'Orsten'-type fossils are typically tiny embryos and cuticle-bearing animals, of which the cuticle is phosphatized and the material is three-dimensional and complete with soft parts. Such fossils are found predominantly in the Cambrian and Ordovician and provide detailed morphological and phylogenetic information on the early evolution of metazoans. Here we report an Orsten-type Konservat-Lagerst?tte from the Lower Cambrian of China that contains at least three new arthropod species, of which we describe the most abundant form on the basis of exceptionally well preserved material of several growth stages. The limb morphology and other details of this new species are markedly similar to those of living cephalocarids, branchiopods and copepods and it is assigned to the Eucrustacea, thus representing the first undoubted crown-group crustacean from the early Cambrian. Its stratigraphical position provides substantial support to the proposition that the main cladogenic event that gave rise to the Arthropoda was before the Cambrian. Small leaf-shaped structures on the outer limb base of the new species provide evidence on the long-debated issue of the origin of epipodites: they occur in a set of three, derive from setae and are a ground-pattern feature of Eucrustacea.     

Hydrogen sulphide release to surface waters at the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary

Animal-like multicellular fossils appeared towards the end of the Precambrian, followed by a rapid increase in the abundance and diversity of fossils during the Early Cambrian period, an event also known as the 'Cambrian explosion'. Changes in the environmental conditions at the Precambrian/Cambrian transition (about 542 Myr ago) have been suggested as a possible explanation for this event, but are still a matter of debate. Here we report molybdenum isotope signatures of black shales from two stratigraphically correlated sample sets with a depositional age of around 542 Myr. We find a transient molybdenum isotope signal immediately after the Precambrian/Cambrian transition. Using a box model of the oceanic molybdenum cycle, we find that intense upwelling of hydrogen sulphide-rich deep ocean water best explains the observed Early Cambrian molybdenum isotope signal. Our findings suggest that the Early Cambrian animal radiation may have been triggered by a major change in ocean circulation, terminating a long period during which the Proterozoic ocean was stratified, with sulphidic deep water.     

Mitochondrial protein phylogeny joins myriapods with chelicerates

The animal phylum Arthropoda is very useful for the study of body plan evolution given its abundance of morphologically diverse species and our profound understanding of Drosophila development. However, there is a lack of consistently resolved phylogenetic relationships between the four extant arthropod subphyla, Hexapoda, Myriapoda, Chelicerata and Crustacea. Recent molecular studies have strongly supported a sister group relationship between Hexapoda and Crustacea, but have not resolved the phylogenetic position of Chelicerata and Myriapoda. Here we sequence the mitochondrial genome of the centipede species Lithobius forficatus and investigate its phylogenetic information content. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of conserved regions from the arthropod mitochondrial proteome yields highly resolved and congruent trees. We also find that a sister group relationship between Myriapoda and Chelicerata is strongly supported. We propose a model to explain the apparently parallel evolution of similar head morphologies in insects and myriapods.     

Molecular fossils and oil-source rock correlations in Tarim Basin, NW China

The distribution of "molecular fossils" (bio-markers) of steroid compounds in extracts from some spe-cific geologic age in the Tarim Basin have been analyzed andare used as the fingerprints for the oil-source rock correla-tion. Having been affected by maturation, migration, phasefractionation and biodegradation, not any molecular fossilsrelated to source and environment can be used as the finger-prints for oil-source rock correlation. Some special bio-markers widely existed in the extracts from Cambrian andOrdovician rocks in the Tarim Basin and showed obviousdifference in each stratum, including dinosteranes (C₃₀),4-methyl-24-ethyl-cholestanes (C₃₀) and their aromatizedsteroids, C₂₄-norcholestanes and C₂₈ steranes originated fromdinoflagellates and diatom. Few oils such as the heavy oildrilled in the Cambrian reservoir from Tadong 2 well (TD2)correlated well with the extracts from the Cambrian. Theamazing similarity of the relative contents of these com-pounds between the marine oils produced in Tazhong andTabei uplifts and the extracts from the Upper Ordoviciansuggests that the Middle-Upper Ordovician is the very likelymain source for the marine oils.     

Bathynotus --A key trilobite taxon? for global stratigraphic boundary correlation between Cambrian Series 2 and Series 3

The Cambrian trilobite Bathynotus is a special morphology of Redlichiid, which is characterized by a wider thorax axis and an 11th macropleural segment bearing a long, backwardly directed spine. Additionally, its 12th and 13th pleural segments are narrow and they terminate at a fulcrum where they fuse together and to the posterior edge of the long macropleural spine. The genus is widely distributed, occurring in North America, Siberia, the Altay-Sayan fold belt of Russia, South China, the Tarim Basin of China, and Australia. It occurs primarily in deposits of the upper part of the continental slope, at the transition between stable platform settings and subsiding margins of the late Early Cambrian. Here, we recognize three species of Bathynotus from China, including B. holopygus which is widespread around the world. Although six species of Bathynotus have been reported from Siberia and the Altay-Sayan fold belt area of Russia, data presented here suggest that only three of these species are valid. Bathynotus exhibits a short geological range, with its first occurrence late in the unnamed Cambrian Series 2 and the last appearance datum of Bathynotus at the boundary of Cambrian Series 2 and Cambrian Series 3. The late appearance datum (LAD) of Bathynotus provides an important global stratigraphic marker of the boundary between Cambrian Series 2 and Cambrian Series 3.     

A comprehensive review concerning the problem of marine crudes sources in Tarim Basin

The issue of source of oil/gas in the platform basin area in Tarim Basin has been debated for a long time, and the debate is focused on whether the marine oil/gas resources that have been discovered in the basin were originated from hydrocarbon source rocks in the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician or in the Mid-Upper Ordovician. In this paper a summary was made in regard to the major points and supporting data by the predecessors, and a discussion was conducted toward the core issues related to the study on the oil source in the Tarim Basin area, such as choice of correlation parameters, influence of maturation and physical differentiation on oil source correlation parameters, and geological and geochemical significance of these relevant correlation indices. It is quite probable that different interpretation results could arise from the oil source correlation due to choice of parameters severely affected by the thermal maturation and physical differentiation effect, and insisted that only those parameters that come with clearly defined geochemical significance and are less affected by thermal maturation and variations occurring during secondary evolution process are valid ones. The marine crude in Tarim Basin covers contributions that were originated from two sets of hydrocarbon source rocks as mentioned above but dominated by the one from the Mid-Upper Ordovician hydrocarbon source rocks. Here oil of mixed sources occurs extensively, and crude from Cambrian sources was also discovered. It is suggested that for further study on the origin of marine crudes in Tarim Basin, the parameters used for correlation of oil sources shall be optimized, and a comprehensive set of geological and geochemical methods shall be adopted for this purpose.