聚马来酸酐的合成与表征

本文研究了用金属纳米晶氧化物作为引发剂催化马来酸酐非均相聚合,以降低成本及简化工艺。     

SO4^2-/TiO2催化马来酸酐均聚反应研究

以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂、SO42-/TiO2作催化剂,在加热回流条件下催化马来酸酐均聚反应.分别用XRD对催化剂、FT-IR对均聚产物进行了表征.实验结果显示:SO24-/TiO2对马来酸酐催化反应具有很高的催化活性.文章对催化机理进行了初步分析.     

SO2-4/TiO2催化马来酸酐均聚反应研究

以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂、SO2-4/TiO2作催化剂,在加热回流条件下催化马来酸酐均聚反应.分别用XRD对催化剂、FT-IR对均聚产物进行了表征.实验结果显示SP2-4/TiO2对马来酸酐催化反应具有很高的催化活性.文章对催化机理进行了初步分析.     

功能基团对高分子链内及链间相互作用的影响

通过苯乙烯与少量的甲基丙烯酸，马来酸酐或４－乙烯基吡啶的共聚及甲基丙烯酸正丁酯与马来酸酐的共聚，可在聚苯乙烯及聚甲基丙烯酸丁酯链上分别引入功能基团羧基，酸酐基和吡啶基，对其聚物红外光谱，酸碱滴定，元素分析，玻璃化转变温度，粘度及紫外光谱的测定，结果表明，通过在聚合物分子链上引入功能基团，可以大大增加分子链内或链间作用力，从而导致了聚合物的玻璃化转变温度的升高，粘度的反常增大以及紫外吸收峰的加宽。     

四氯化锡催化合成马来酸二异戊酯

四氯化锡能够代替硫酸作为酯化催化剂．研究了利用五水四氯化锡催化，由马来酸酐与异戊醇反应合成马来酸二异戊酯，讨论了其影响因素，当马来酸酐、异戊醇和四氯化锡的物质的量比为1：4：0．086，回流分水60min，酯收率达96．7％，并且催化合成了马来酸二正丁酯，马来酸二异丁酯和马来酸二正戊酯．     

不同晶型的纳米二氧化钛的合成

对不同晶型纳米二氧化钛的合成方法和及其形貌控制作了简要综述．前驱体的种类和浓度，溶剂的极性，pH值，反应温度，添加剂等反应条件对所得纳米二氧化钛的晶型，颗粒大小及形貌有很大影响．通过选择不同种类的模板剂和控制反应条件可以制得具有不同晶型的介孔二氧化钛．     

二氧化钛纳米晶的缺陷性质和光电性能

为研究二氧化钛纳米晶的缺陷性质对其光电性能的影响,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了二氧化钛纳米晶,利用X线衍射和正电子湮没寿命谱对样品的晶相、平均粒径和缺陷性质等进行表征,并以所得二氧化钛纳米晶为基础制备二氧化钛纳米晶薄膜,进一步分析其光电性能.结果表明:在450℃的热处理温度下,可以合成锐钛矿相占主要成分的二氧化钛纳米晶.随着热处理时间从30 min延长至90 min,二氧化钛纳米晶的平均粒径从12.8 nm增大到47.9 nm.随着平均粒径的增大,二氧化钛纳米晶表面缺陷的尺寸变小且浓度降低,同时晶界间的自由体积发生复合.在表面缺陷和平均粒径的双重影响下,二氧化钛纳米晶薄膜的瞬态光电流密度随平均粒径的增大表现出先增大后减小的变化趋势,其中,基于26.5 nm粒径二氧化钛纳米晶制备所得薄膜的瞬态光电流密度最大,其值为0.072 m A/cm2.     

用β—环糊精构筑模拟酶催化苯与甲醛合成苯甲醇

以β－环糊精为母体，先与马来酸酐反应合成了双－（氧－丁烯二酸单酯）－β－环糊精（简写Ｅ１），后用氯乙酸修饰Ｅ１，得到了双－［６－氧－（３－脱氧柠檬酸单酯）］－β－环糊精（简写Ｅ２），再利用Ｅ１或Ｅ２作为催化剂，催化苯和甲醛反应生成了苯甲醇。     

取代马来酸酐的电子亲合能

分别以取代马来酸酐与苯酚钾及对位取代苯酚钾互相作用的电荷转移光谱和取代马来酸酐的半波还原电位，测定了２－氯马来酸酐，２－溴马来酸酐，２－甲基马来酸酐，２，３－二甲基马来酸酐，四氢化邻苯二甲酸酐和１，８－萘二酸酐的电子亲合能，发现以电荷转移光谱测定的电子亲合能数值比使用半波还原电位方法得到的数值大小。     

β—蒎烯与马来酸酐的反应研究

β－蒎烯与马来酸酐反应，主要产物有两个：一是烯反应产物，一是聚合物，该文报道了对β－蒎烯与ＭＡ的反应及聚合产物研究的结果。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that