纳米W-Cu合金热压收缩动力学曲线特征

采用纳米W-Cu合金粉进行热压烧结,研究热压压力、热压气氛、钨粉粒度对热压烧结收缩动力学曲线的影响,观察和测定合金中钨晶粒的长大,测定部分力学性能.实验结果表明,采用纳米W-Cu合金粉在H2中热压烧结的方法可以在较高压力、很低的烧结温度下制成钨晶粒的超细晶粒W-Cu合金,其相对密度可达98.8%,高温500℃的力学性能远远超过常规W-Cu合金.     

超细晶粒W-Ni-Fe合金烧结收缩动力学特征

利用高温膨胀仪在氢气气氛下测定和研究了粉末平均晶粒≤150 nm 的W-(Ni-Fe)10%合金在烧结过程中的膨胀——收缩动力学曲线特征、起始收缩温度、剧烈收缩温度、收缩速率与W粉的平均粒径、烧结温度、升温速度以及压坯密度的关系.结果发现超细粉末压坯开始及剧烈收缩温度分别为970℃和1240℃,最大收缩速率为9μm/℃.压坯密度愈高,合金收缩率愈低; 压坯密度一定时,烧结温度愈高,合金收缩率愈大.     

超细/纳米W-10%Cu复合粉末制备与烧结工艺

采用溶胶-喷雾干燥-共还原法制备超细/纳米W-10%Cu(质量分数)复合粉末,将该粉末压制成形后进行一步烧结,研究粉末制备过程中的工艺参数对粉末晶粒尺寸、比表面积、粒度、氧含量、相组成和形貌的影响以及烧结参数对烧结体密度的影响.研究结果表明:复合氧化物粉末可在较低温度下还原较完全,还原后的W-10Cu复合粉末粒度细小,团聚体粒度为100 nm左右,单颗粒晶粒粒度约为22.6 nm,W-10%Cu复合粉末在1 350～1 400 ℃烧结可达近全致密,其显微组织主要是细小的球形钨晶粒均匀弥散分布在铜相中,其中钨晶粒粒度约为1.0 μm.     

纳米钨合金粉末常压烧结的致密化和晶粒长大

高密度合金由于具有密度和强度高、延性好等一系列优异的性能,在军工上被用作动能穿甲弹材料.纳米材料被认为是21世纪应用前景非常广阔的新型材料,采用纳米粉末可望大大细化钨合金晶粒,显著提高合金的强度、延性和硬度等力学性能,因而是制备新型高强韧高密度钨合金的很重要的研究方向.作者采用机械合金化(MA)工艺制备了纳米钨合金复合粉末,研究了纳米钨合金粉末在常压氢气气氛中的烧结致密化和在烧结过程中的W晶粒长大行为.同时,指出了在液相烧结时存在的问题,即W晶粒加速重排、产生晶粒聚集与合并,迅速发生W晶粒长大,在较短时间内液相烧结时,W晶粒尺寸又长大到接近传统高密度合金水平.研究结果表明,MA纳米粉末促进了致密化,使致密化温度降低100～200℃;在一般固相烧结温度时可以得到晶粒粒径为3～5μm的细晶高强度合金.     

纳米晶W-Ni-Fe复合粉末烧结过程中的致密化与显微组织演变

采用溶胶喷雾干燥-热还原法制备纳米晶93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe复合粉末,利用高温热膨胀仪测定和研究纳米品复合粉末的烧结收缩动力学曲线特征,计算纳米晶W-Ni-Fe复合粉末的固相烧结激活能,并利用金相显微镜和扫描电镜分析致密化过程中显微组织的演变规律.研究结果表明:纳米晶W-Ni-Fe复合粉末的开始收缩和剧烈收缩温度分别为900℃和1 120℃,其最大的线收缩率达0.097 ％/℃;在1 200℃以下的固相烧结阶段,压坯便发生显著的致密化,其致密化程度可达98％以上,固相烧结的表观激活能为154.83 kJ/mol,比传统粉末烧结激活能大大降低;在固相烧结期间,W晶粒尺寸长大缓慢,在1 380℃以上液相烧结时W晶粒长大急剧加快.     

细晶Mo-40%Cu合金的烧结性能

采用溶胶—喷雾干燥—煅烧—氢还原工艺制取纳米晶Mo-40%Cu(质量分数)复合粉末,并利用该粉末制备具有优良物理力学性能的细晶Mo-40%Cu合金。研究烧结温度、时间对合金性能的影响,检测合金的物理力学性能,分析合金的显微组织与断口形貌特征。研究结果表明:采用该法制取的纳米晶Mo-40%Cu复合粉末烧结活性高,其成形压坯在1 050～1 100℃于H2气氛中烧结保温60 min即可实现材料的快速致密化,合金的相对密度可达到98%以上,最大拉伸强度和伸长率分别为630 MPa和6.97%,且组织晶粒细小(平均粒径小于1μm)。     

纳米添加剂对W-Ni-Cu合金性能的影响

研究了纳米添加剂对W Ni Cu合金性能的影响和作用机理;用扫描电镜和金相显微分析技术研究了合金的形貌与结构;测量了合金试样的物理力学性能.研究结果表明:加入纳米添加剂可降低烧结温度;选用的纳米添加剂对钨晶粒的长大起了抑制作用,细化了W Ni Cu合金的晶粒;适量的纳米添加剂大部分分布于Ni Cu粘结相中.在该实验条件下,在1430℃烧结得到了全致密的W Ni Cu合金.     

纳米钨粉的烧结工艺

采用催化-凝胶法制备的平均粒径60nm的纳米钨粉为原料,经钢模压制成生坯,用高温膨胀仪测定了纳米钨粉坯体的烧结收缩动力学曲线;然后分别测定了不同烧结温度和烧结时间下烧结体晶粒尺寸和相对密度的变化.结果表明,纳米钨粉的坯体在200℃开始收缩,1300℃基本停止收缩.从1000℃到1200℃,其相对密度提高了24%,是致密化过程最快的阶段.在1200℃×120min的烧结工艺下得到烧结体相对密度为95%,晶粒尺寸为5μm的钨材.     

SPS烧结温度对93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe合金微观结构及性能的影响

以高能球磨法制备的93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe复合粉末为原料,采用放电等离子烧结技术制备93W--4.9Ni-2.1Fe合金,研究了烧结温度对钨合金微观组织及性能的影响.采用扫描电镜对试样的断口进行观察,采用能量色散谱仪对合金的组元进行成分分析.结果表明:①烧结温度对合金的性能有显著的影响,在1 350℃时钨合金的抗拉强度达到一个极大值,为981 MPa,此时钨合金的相对密度和W晶粒的尺寸分别为98.9%和5μm;②当烧结温度达到1375℃时,合金中Ni元素开始挥发,随着温度的快速上升,合金中Ni元素的挥发不断加剧,当烧结温度升高至1425℃时合金中Ni元素已完全挥发;③合金的断裂方式随着烧结温度的升高发生显著的变化,当烧结温度升至1350℃时钨合金的断裂方式由W晶粒界面分离向W-W、W-黏结相界面断裂转变,而当烧结温度超过此温度时钨合金的断裂方式又转变为W晶粒的沿晶脆性断裂;④SPS快速烧结能够有效抑制W晶粒的长大,促进钨合金的细晶强化作用.     

VC,Cr3C2对WC-Co纳米粉烧结性能的影响

研究了WC-10Co纳米复合粉的热压烧结,确定合理的烧结温度为1360℃.在纳米WC-10Co复合粉中分别掺杂1.0%VC和1.0%Cr3C2(质量分数),根据烧结体的断裂强度、洛氏硬度等性能和断口形貌,研究了晶粒生长抑制剂VC,Cr3C2对纳米复合WC-10Co粉末烧结性能的影响.结果表明,纳米WC-10Co复合粉掺杂1.0%VC或1.0%Cr3C2,在1360℃烧结,可以得到晶粒度小于300nm的整体性能较好的超细WC-Co硬质合金,掺杂1.0%VC抑制晶粒生长的效果要好于掺杂1.0%Cr3C2.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-