Chameleon radiation by oceanic dispersal

Historical biogeography is dominated by vicariance methods that search for a congruent pattern of fragmentation of ancestral distributions produced by shared Earth history. A focus of vicariant studies has been austral area relationships and the break-up of the supercontinent Gondwana. Chameleons are one of the few extant terrestrial vertebrates thought to have biogeographic patterns that are congruent with the Gondwanan break-up of Madagascar and Africa. Here we show, using molecular and morphological evidence for 52 chameleon taxa, support for a phylogeny and area cladogram that does not fit a simple vicariant history. Oceanic dispersal--not Gondwanan break-up--facilitated species radiation, and the most parsimonious biogeographic hypothesis supports a Madagascan origin for chameleons, with multiple 'out-of-Madagascar' dispersal events to Africa, the Seychelles, the Comoros archipelago, and possibly Reunion Island. Although dispersal is evident in other Indian Ocean terrestrial animal groups, our study finds substantial out-of-Madagascar species radiation, and further highlights the importance of oceanic dispersal as a potential precursor for speciation.     

长跑运动员的合理训练

以在内蒙古自治区长跑队的多年教练实践为基础,探讨了培养我国长跑运动员的训练过程问题。分析了掌握好训练过程的三个要点:即合理制定全年和多年训练计划;系统地、不断地增加训练负荷;合理安排训练负荷。最后总结了训练过程中的经验教训。     

Seed dispersal. Directed deterrence by capsaicin in chilies

The primary function of ripe, fleshy fruit is to facilitate seed dispersal by attracting consumers, yet many fruits contain unpleasant-tasting chemicals that deter consumption by vertebrates. Here we investigate this paradox in the chili (Capsicum) and find that capsaicin, the chemical responsible for the fruit's peppery heat, selectively discourages vertebrate predators without deterring more effective seed dispersers.     

远程教学系统的智能化方案研究

主要探讨了基于知识的远程教学系统智能化方案的实施技术,首先指出了一般化的远程教学系统的工作流程和不足,然后给出了远程教学系统智能化实现的一般原理,最后探讨和分析了其实现技术。     

长输管道多源信息获取方法

长输管道多源信息实时快速获取在泄漏检测过程中起重要作用.介绍两种重要的数据交互方式DDE和OPC,并简要说明两者之间的差别.结合现场实际择优选择OPC技术为多源信息获取的主要方式,同时辅以其他方式完成整条管线各部件的信息获取.通过RSLinx客服端,利用OPC技术结合C++Builder开发工具,实现长输管道多源信息实时获取客户端的开发.现场应用结果表明,基于OPC的多源信息获取方法稳定可靠,采样频率(32 Hz)远远高于SCADA系统(1-2 Hz)的频率,具有良好的应用效果.     

风传感器风向编码器的改进

测风传感器测量风向的主要部件是一种利用格雷码编码的编码器，在已有编码器结构的基础上，通过对发光管和光敏管及码道的重新排列，重新设计转动部件，改进了风向编码器的结构，使新型风传感器的机体体积更小、重量更轻，结构简化。     

Evolution driven by differential dispersal within a wild bird population

Evolutionary theory predicts that local population divergence will depend on the balance between the diversifying effect of selection and the homogenizing effect of gene flow. However, spatial variation in the expression of genetic variation will also generate differential evolutionary responses. Furthermore, if dispersal is non-random it may actually reinforce, rather than counteract, evolutionary differentiation. Here we document the evolution of differences in body mass within a population of great tits, Parus major, inhabiting a single continuous woodland, over a 36-year period. We show that genetic variance for nestling body mass is spatially variable, that this generates different potential responses to selection, and that this diversifying effect is reinforced by non-random dispersal. Matching the patterns of variation, selection and evolution with population ecological data, we argue that the small-scale differentiation is driven by density-related differences in habitat quality affecting settlement decisions. Our data show that when gene flow is not homogeneous, evolutionary differentiation can be rapid and can occur over surprisingly small spatial scales. Our findings have important implications for questions of the scale of adaptation and speciation, and challenge the usual treatment of dispersal as a force opposing evolutionary differentiation.     

印度波棱瓜子中脂肪油成分的GC-MS联用分析

采用GC-MS测定了波棱瓜子中脂肪油的组成，共分离鉴定出6种化合物．主要成分是不饱和脂肪酸十八（碳）烯酸，含量高达68．91％．该方法为波棱瓜子资源开发利用提供了科学实验依据．     

长距离带式输送机托辊的故障检测

为了实现对托辊卡死状态的检测和检测装置的自检报警,分析了托辊故障的产生原因及发生故障时的现象,提出了一种嵌入皮带内的检测方法,实现对托辊的移动巡检,从而能够对托辊故障进行快速准确的检测。本设计的在线自检技术,保障托辊监测的高度可靠性,可准确区分检测模块故障和托辊故障,便于故障快速定位,方便维修。     

Modulation of Saturn's radio clock by solar wind speed

The internal rotation rates of the giant planets can be estimated by cloud motions, but such an approach is not very precise because absolute wind speeds are not known a priori and depend on latitude: periodicities in the radio emissions, thought to be tied to the internal planetary magnetic field, are used instead. Saturn, despite an apparently axisymmetric magnetic field, emits kilometre-wavelength (radio) photons from auroral sources. This emission is modulated at a period initially identified as 10 h 39 min 24 +/- 7 s, and this has been adopted as Saturn's rotation period. Subsequent observations, however, revealed that this period varies by +/-6 min on a timescale of several months to years. Here we report that the kilometric radiation period varies systematically by +/-1% with a characteristic timescale of 20-30 days. Here we show that these fluctuations are correlated with solar wind speed at Saturn, meaning that Saturn's radio clock is controlled, at least in part, by conditions external to the planet's magnetosphere. No correlation is found with the solar wind density, dynamic pressure or magnetic field; the solar wind speed therefore has a special function. We also show that the long-term fluctuations are simply an average of the short-term ones, and therefore the long-term variations are probably also driven by changes in the solar wind.     

Mechanisms of gene silencing by double-stranded RNA

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is an important regulator of gene expression in many eukaryotes. It triggers different types of gene silencing that are collectively referred to as RNA silencing or RNA interference. A key step in known silencing pathways is the processing of dsRNAs into short RNA duplexes of characteristic size and structure. These short dsRNAs guide RNA silencing by specific and distinct mechanisms. Many components of the RNA silencing machinery still need to be identified and characterized, but a more complete understanding of the process is imminent.     

自由基介导细胞凋亡的机制

自由基与细胞凋亡有着密切的关系,本文从DNA损伤、信号通路和基因表达及调控等角度综述了活性氧和活性氮自由基对细胞凋亡的各种介导和调节机制.     

基于VPN远程访问Intranet的实现

利用VPN技术，可以在现有的公用网络平台上构筑不受地域限制而受企业统一策略控制和管理的Intranet。本文从VPN的基本概念出发，探讨了其基本特征和解决方案，并给出了利用VPN技术远程访问NT局域网的实现过程。     

Adjustment to climate change is constrained by arrival date in a long-distance migrant bird

Spring temperatures in temperate regions have increased over the past 20 years, and many organisms have responded to this increase by advancing the date of their growth and reproduction. Here we show that adaptation to climate change in a long-distance migrant is constrained by the timing of its migratory journey. For long-distance migrants climate change may advance the phenology of their breeding areas, but the timing of some species' spring migration relies on endogenous rhythms that are not affected by climate change. Thus, the spring migration of these species will not advance even though they need to arrive earlier on their breeding grounds to breed at the appropriate time. We show that the migratory pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca has advanced its laying date over the past 20 years. This temporal shift has been insufficient, however, as indicated by increased selection for earlier breeding over the same period. The shift is hampered by its spring arrival date, which has not advanced. Some of the numerous long-distance migrants will suffer from climate change, because either their migration strategy is unaffected by climate change, or the climate in breeding and wintering areas are changing at different speeds, preventing adequate adaptation.     

Mediation of the solar wind termination shock by non-thermal ions

Broad regions on both sides of the solar wind termination shock are populated by high intensities of non-thermal ions and electrons. The pre-shock particles in the solar wind have been measured by the spacecraft Voyager 1 (refs 1-5) and Voyager 2 (refs 3, 6). The post-shock particles in the heliosheath have also been measured by Voyager 1 (refs 3-5). It was not clear, however, what effect these particles might have on the physics of the shock transition until Voyager 2 crossed the shock on 31 August-1 September 2007 (refs 7-9). Unlike Voyager 1, Voyager 2 is making plasma measurements. Data from the plasma and magnetic field instruments on Voyager 2 indicate that non-thermal ion distributions probably have key roles in mediating dynamical processes at the termination shock and in the heliosheath. Here we report that intensities of low-energy ions measured by Voyager 2 produce non-thermal partial ion pressures in the heliosheath that are comparable to (or exceed) both the thermal plasma pressures and the scalar magnetic field pressures. We conclude that these ions are the >0.028 MeV portion of the non-thermal ion distribution that determines the termination shock structure and the acceleration of which extracts a large fraction of bulk-flow kinetic energy from the incident solar wind.     

论我国中长距离运动员的心理训练

在枯燥的中长距离训练中，心理训练比重应有别于其它运动项目而贯穿于训练的全过程．因此，本文结合中外运动员心理个性差异及运动心理学学科理论，分选材、组队目标设置与群体凝聚力、平时训练、赛前训练及比赛、赛后训练几个方面阐述中长距离运动员心理训练的重要性及一些具体方法．     

加速装置下风力机设计方法与性能研究

以叶素动量理论为基础,设计了传统3叶片式、加速装置3叶片式和加速装置4叶片式风力机3种构型,并获得3种风力机的气动和结构参数.提出了加速装置下风力机气动和结构参数设计方法.建立了3种构型风力机的空气动力学模型,计算得到其功率分布和年发电量分布.分析结果显示:在相同额定功率和年发电量的条件下,加速装置风力机风轮尺寸相对传统风力机减少了35％,风能利用系数提高1倍以上.得到了一种工作在加速装置下的高效风力机,为风力机的设计和开发提供了新思路和可靠的理论依据.     

利用频谱分析进行平面连杆机构的轨迹综合

提出一种基于频谱分析和应用最优化方法进行平面连杆机构轨迹综合的新方法。此方法减少了迭代求解过程中变量的数目,并且变量初值的选定简易而规范; 在建立优化模型时运用了复矢法, 使整个求解过程无需推导繁杂的数学公式