Regulierung des Wasserhaushaltes bei der Hämodialyse (Kompensation und Überkompensation des kolloidosmotischen Druckes des Blutes durch Verwendung polyelektrolythaltiger Dialysierlösungen bei der künstlichen Niere

Summary Addition of polyelectrolytes, in particular of the sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose, makes it possible to obtain for the use in artificial kidneys dialyzing liquids which are in thermodynamic equilibrium with blood, both with respect to salts and water, or which even permit removal of water from the blood, as well as urea and related substances (the dialyzing liquid being at will hypertonic with respect to blood), the salt content of blood remaining in all these cases unaffected. These dialyzing liquids might be particularly useful for cases combined with oedema.

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Vorgetragen am Kongress der «3^o riunioni medico chirurgiche internazionali», Turin 1957; erste Mitteilung hierüber im VortragvonW. Kuhn am Staffmeeting des Bürgerspitals Basel am 2. Februar 1955.     

Methaemoglobinbildung durch Röntgenstrahlen in normalen und katalasefreien Erythrocyten des Menschen

Summary Methaemoglobin-formation in irradiated human red cells largely depends on catalase activity in either phase of the system. The formation rate is low in normal, but high in acatalatic cells. The latter rate can be lowered to normal by adding 0.1 /ml catalase to the suspending medium.     

Neuere Anschauungen über die Meteorologie und Klimatologie des Föhns

Summary The results of new researches about the föhn in the Swiss Alps in connection with the theory ofH. von Ficker show that the energy of the cyclonic föhn has two sources: the pressure gradient and the baroclinic field. This is caused by the isobaric differences of temperature between the Alps and the free atmosphere in the lee. The result is a current with a descending component in the lee. At the beginning, the descent of the föhn is due to the outstreaming of the cold air on the ground. In its further development the energy of the föhn increases so much as to sweep the cold air off the valleys.The development of föhn in an anticyclonic system ist also explained. Furthermore the two kinds of föhn are discussed in regard to their climatological influences.

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Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos.     

Die Dehnbarkeit des Skelett- und Herzmuskels der Schildkröte während der Latenzzeit

Summary By means of a method permitting the continuous measurement of the dynamic stiffness of elastic structures, it was shown on the skeletal and heart muscle of the tortoise that during the latent period the elasticity remains unchanged in relation to the resting value.     

Zur klinischen Bedeutung des autoradiographischen Verfahrens bei der Verwendung von kurzlebigen künstlichen radioaktiven Isotopen (Autoorganographie,Autoangiographie)

Summary The author demonstrates the possibility to realize on living human individuals big sizeautoradiographs afterintravenous injections of an artificial radioactive isotope of a relatively short activity. Strong preparations (100 millicuries) of radiozinc (Zn⁶³) in form of soluble oxide have been employed. These injections were performed on two patients suffering from general carcinosis. The humanauto-organographs (autohepatographs, automammographs, autonephrographs, etc.), as well as theautoangiographs of the blood vessels of the skin and the subcutaneous tissues, thus realized for the first time, are quite interesting. The possibilities of a clinical utilization of such autoradiographs are briefly discussed.     

Zur Theorie des Föhns

Ohne ZusammenfassungOlten, den 9. November 1947.     

Zur Entstehung des Lungenödems

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Über das Vorkommen und die Natur der Cholinesterase der Schlangengifte

Summary An enzyme that hydrolyzes acetylcholine is present in the dried venoms of 19 species of theColubridae (9 genera), but not in the venoms of more than 20 species of theViperidae (7 genera). The enzyme behaves like the e-Cholinesterase of the mammalian tissues.     

Über die Reaktion der höheren und tieferen Reizbildungszentren des isolierten Herzens auf Temperatursenkung

Summary In the isolated rabbit heart perfused by the Langendorff method total heart block has been produced by section of the His bundle. The influence of cooling of the perfusion fluid upon higher and lower automatic centers was studied. The sinoauricular pacemaker responded to cooling with a much greater decrease of the heart rate than did the ventricular automatism. The responsiveness of the atrioventricular node to cooling lay between that of the two others.     

Über Optik und Feinbau des Pektins und seiner Derivate

Summary Investigations on fibres and folies of pectin show its negative double refraction (Eigendoppelbrechung). According to the X-ray diagrams the demethoxylated specimens «crystallize» in a higher degree than the original pectin. Calculations seem to support the hypothesis of folded chains.     

Das Strukturbild der Arterienwand unter lebensnahen Präparationsbedingungen und seine physiologische und pathologische Bedeutung

Summary At first sight it seems impossible to obtain a picture of arterial structure fixed in the true conditions of life. The arterial wall particularly is exposed to severe forces of alteration at the moment of death. Even before autolysis and rigor mortis, it is submitted to a triple trauma: the sudden cessation of rhythmical pulsation, the emptying of the lumina and the blood coagulation. Nevertheless precisely, these factors give us a simple and relatively safetest for deciding whether a histological preparation corresponds to the true life conditions; we may assume this to be so when the lumen of small blood vessels is full ofuncoagulated blood. Studies on such preparations show that during life there are no particular annular and longitudinal muscle fibres in the arterial wall, it is rather theplasticity and activity of a unitary musculature which determines the appearance of variously oriented fibers in histological preparations. As for the elastic tissue, it appears as a continuous line, when in activity; curvatures or ruptures mean a limitation or suppression of the elastic function. Observations on the so-called regulating apparatus in arteries of man, completed by others on dogs under influence of adrenalin, lead one to consider the particular relationship of clear muscle cells and elastic elements as themorphological equivalent of vasoconstrictive action. These results call for a revision of some histological, histopathological and even physiological concepts, such as the accepted histological views on the existence of arterial closure apparatus. The aspects described as sphincters, Polster, bourrelets, valves are not permanent structures butsnapshots of moving parts of the arterial wall. The clear muscular cells named epitheloid cells, Quellzellen, Leiomyoblasts are muscle fibers quasi surprised by the fixation in theactive state.     

Röntgenstrahlen und Aufbau der Materie

Summary X-rays have proved exceptionally useful in the investigation of the structure of matter, especially since the discovery of X-ray diffraction in crystals. A survey is given of the development of research into crystal structures and stress is laid on the value of the international co-operation achieved in this field. The use of X-ray diffraction, at first restricted to the determination of crystal structures, has in the course of time been extended far beyond the limits of crystallography. Today diffraction methods offer a widely applicable means of scientific research and one particularly adapted to the technical testing of materials. Further important applications of X-rays in science and technology are provided by radiography and X-ray spectroscopy.     

Über «therapeutische» und «toxische» Digitoxigeninwirkungen auf elektrophysiologische Messgrössen des Meerschweinchenvorhofs

Summary Therapeutic concentrations of digitoxigenin (10^–7–3× 10^–7 g/ml), producing positive inotropic effects, did not alter resting and action potentials of electrically driven guinea-pig auricles. However, toxic concentrations of digitoxigenin (5 × 10^–7–10^–8 g/ml), producing arrhythmias and contracture of the myocardium, had a marked influence upon resting and action potentials and conduction velocity.     

Vergleichende röntgenhistoradiographische und interferenzmikroskopische Trockengewichts-bestimmungen

Summary Quantitative roentgen-histo-radiographic dry-weight determinations were made without a reference system. The results were compared to readings which had been obtained by the interference microscope. The readings from both methods correspond. The results show the range of error for both methods. It is remarkable that roentgenhisto-radiographic dry-weight determinations were made without using a reference system, once the dry-weight equivalent had been established.

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Mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Über die Wirkung von Phenanthrenchinon (9, 10) und einer wasserlöslichen Transportform auf Glykolyse und Atmung des Ascites-Tumor

Summary Phenanthrenchinon (9, 10) and hydrochinon-bis-glycylester prepared as water-soluble transportform, are strong inhibitors of glycolysis. Glycolysing cells are depleted from ATP in a few minutes.     

Beobachtungen über die Phototaxis und die Thermotaxis des blinden HöhlenfischesCaecobarbus geertsi Blgr (Cyprinidae)

Résumé L'observation de la phototaxie et de la thermotaxie du poisson aveugleCaecobarbus geertsi Blgr (Cyprinidae) dans son environnement naturel montre qu'il existe certaines différences entre les réactions des formes jeunes et celles des formes plus âgées. Observées pendant le jour sur le gradient d'éclairement situé à l'entrée de la grotte occupée par les poissons, les formes jeunes restent indifférentes à l'excitation de la lumière solaire, tandis que les formes plus âgées manifestent une phototaxie négative lorsque l'éclairement atteint environ 8 lx. Observés la nuit, tous les poissons de la population étudiée, quel que soit leur degré de développement, se maintiennent à l'intérieur d'une zone thermique dont le minimum se situe entre 22,8° et 21,8° C. Quelques hypothèses sont proposées pour tenter d'expliquer ces phénomènes.     

Die Regelung der Strömungsrichtung des Blutes

Summary Within the animal kingdom, two kinds of circulatory systems can be distinguished: those in which the circulation of the blood is seemingly congeneric in both directions, and those in which it flows, if not constantly at least chiefly, in one direction. In the latter case, all those factors must influence it which regulate the direction of the flow. They may be divided into active and passive factors. The active factors are the intervention of muscle fibres, while the passive factors are the arrangement of the heart as regards fore- and after-portions as well as the formation of the valves. By the interference of active or combined mechanisms the blood may be periodically hindered from circulating, sometimes even stopped for a longer period, a process which is of the utmost importance for the distribution of the blood in the organism. The higher the species ranks in the animal kingdom, the more complicated are the ways in which this can take place.From these facts, a general law can be established: if a circulatory system is built symmetrically, the circulation of blood in it can go in both directions, as is the case with various worms and tunicata. In the case of asymmetry in the arrangement, the flow will be especially in one direction.     

Ähnlichkeit und Unterschied Leukozytenemigrationsfördernder Wirkung gram-positiver und gram-negativer Bakterien

Summary Live gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria cause circular and chemotactic eccentric promotion of leucocyte emigration in a similar manner. In the case of gramnegative bacteria this effect corresponds to that of their polysaccharides, whereas in the case of gram-positive bacteria the polysaccharides are inactive.Thus, although gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria both have a similar effect on leucocyte emigration, the underlying mechanism of action is different.