A 16000-year pollen record of Qinghai Lake and its paleo-climate and paleoenvironment

The paleoclimate and paleoenvironment of Qinghai Lake indicated by a 16000-year pollen record are as follows. It was very cold and dry before 15200 years. During the Late Glacial, the climate varied from colder and semiarid to cool and semi-humid and fluctuated frequently but with little amplitude. Three cold events in the periods of 13400–13000, 11600–12000, and 11000–10400 aBP respectively correspond to the Oldest Dryas, Older Dryas and Younger Dryas events, whereas the two warm periods between them, 12000–13000 and 11600–11000 aBP, respectively correspond to Bölling and Alleröd periods. The temperature increased abruptly after the Younger Dryas event, and then the climate gradually turned to be warm and wet from warm and semiarid. In the Holocene, the largest amplitude of cold event that occurred at ca. 8200 aBP is quite prominent. The Holocene climatic optimum culminated at 6700 aBP. After 2100 aBP, the climate tended to be cold and dry, keeping on up to now. Palaeoclimatic evolution and events of Qinghai Lake based on pollen assemblage and concentrations can be well parallel with the global climatic events.     

High—resolution records of Holocene from the Shuangchi Maar Lake in Hainan Island

The results of sedimentary characteristics,grain-size,clay mineral,C/N and pollen analysis reveal the evolution history of the Shuangchi Maar Lake of Hainan Island as well as the short-term climate variations in tropical areas.It is testified that the Maar sediment system was sensitive in recording the rapid climate changes in the Holocene.These multidisciplinary results demonstrate that the thermal maximum in the Holocene climate lasted from 7200 to 2700 aBP,with serveral abrupt ephemeral vibrations occurring between 7250-6120aBP and at around 4460,3850 and 2700 aBP.In the late Holocent,particularly at -2700 aBP,a distinct environmental change indicating an important climate transition in the tropical eastern Asia was recorded,probably responding to the enhancement of ENSO phenomena in the Pacific Ocean.In addition,the high-resolution algae record clearly indicates periodical climate fluctuations at 500 a cyclicity during the last 2500 years.     

白龙江流域全新世泥石流与环境演变的初步研究

根据黄土－古土壤沉积序列研究和野外考察资料并结合放射性＾１４Ｃ测年,初步确定嘉陵江上游白龙江流域全新世泥石流共分三期,时代分别为７０００－６０００ａＢＰ、４０００ａＢＰ和２０００ａＢＰ。研究表明,泥石流频繁爆发于古气候由寒冷向温暖转换的波动时期。     

青海湖全新世短尺度水体环境演变的初步研究

青海湖是闻名世界的高原内陆咸水湖，在湖滨岩线附近发育的特殊岩石－青海湖湖滩岩是研究第四幻气候事件与古湖面变化的标志岩石。湖滩岩的主要成岩期为全新世，其成岩序列发现有５１４０、４７００－４４００、３８８０－３６００、２８２０－２７２０、２５３０－２４６０、１９７０－１９００、１５３０－１４５０ａ等七个阶段。     

河南洛阳寺河南剖面中全新世以来的孢粉分析及环境变化

对河南洛阳寺河南剖面进行的高分辨率的孢粉分析表明,该地区中全新世以来的孢粉组合以草本植物占绝对优势。其中以蒿属（Artemisia）最为丰富,其次为禾本科（Gramineae）和藜科（Chinopodiaceae）。乔木花粉含量较少,以松属（Pinus）为主。根据孢粉组合的变化,将剖面划分为5个孢粉组合带。早期（7.235～7.380 aBP）气候较为寒冷干燥,缺少乔木花粉。随着全新世大暖期的到来,在Ⅱ孢粉带上乔木花粉大量出现,种类丰富。尤其5.625～6.120 aBP期间出现了很多喜暖树种,是中全新世以来气候最好的时期。在4.580～5.625 aBP期间,乔木花粉急剧减少,表明气候发生恶化。随着气候的逐渐好转,乔木花粉在Ⅳ孢粉带（3.090～4.580 aBP）上重新出现,但喜暖树种较少。3.090 aBP以后出现较多的禾本科花粉,可能和该地区人类活动的增强相关。     

Reconstruction of the spatial patterns of desert/loess boundary belt in North China during the Holocene

The desert/loess boundary belt is the transi-tional region between desert and loess, where aeolian sandand loess interlock in space and alternate in time. It, being seriously unstable in space-time, sensitive to climatic changes and with fragile ecological environment, is an ideal region for studying the global climate change. There are deposi-tional sequences of paleosol with sub-horizontal interbedded aeolian sand and loess, and the stratigraphical evidences show that there widely exist 3—4 layers paleosol in sand lands of northeastern China, 4—5 layers in Mu Us Sandy Land and Hunshandake Sandy Land, more than 4 layers in the Qinghai Lake region and the Gonghe Basin of Qinghai Province during the Holocene. These indicate that the desert has experienced several times of extending and compacting, along with which the desert/loess boundary belt vibrated. It possesses good coherence with global climate change and eustasy. The coherence shows that the monsoon change in East Asia is the primary driving factor for the swing of desert/loess boundary belt. Besides, human influence con-stantly intensified the swing of the belt, especially in the south of Mu Us Sandy Land during the 2000—3000 aBP.     

基于年代数据的青藏高原东北部全新世风沙活动研究

本文对青藏高原东北部全新世风成沉积剖面的年代数据应用概率密度方法结合年代数据分布情况重建了该区全新世风沙活动历史.结果表明:青藏高原东北部早全新世风沙活动强烈,但也存在不同尺度的空间差异,表现在共和盆地、柴达木盆地及青海湖盆地风成砂都广泛发育,但青海湖盆地同期还有古土壤发育,冬给措纳湖流域在这一时期也有少量的风成砂层出现;中全新世古土壤广泛发育,风沙活动较弱,整个东北部具有较好的一致性;晚全新世以来,柴达木盆地和冬给措纳湖流域风成砂发育较好,而共和盆地古土壤广泛发育,同时青海湖盆地风成砂和古土壤均有出现,说明风沙活动强度的区域差异较大,这可能是由于局部地区受到了人为活动强烈干扰的影响.风沙活动强度与区域有效湿度密切相关,区域有效湿度较高时,风沙活动较弱;反之,风沙活动较强.另外,大面积湖泊的存在使得青海湖盆地和冬给措纳湖流域全新世风沙活动的特点与柴达木盆地和共和盆地不尽相同,湖泊水位与湖泊增湿降温效应的相互关系以及物源供给特点可能是造成这一现象的原因.年代数据的概率密度方法相对于频率统计直方图具有一定的优势,充分利用了单个年代数据符合正态分布的特点,能够反映年代数据的范围和精度.     

鲁南地区全新世环境变化与文化响应

山东鲁南地区是我国暖温带向亚热带过渡的半湿润区,全新世以来该地演绎了多起古文化兴替.试图利用野外考古资料和已有的考古成果,系统梳理本地区全新世自然环境演变过程,探讨该地区全新世环境演变与古文化发展的关系.研究结果表明:全新世期间鲁南地区经历了多次环境变迁,同期的古文化发展明显受环境变化影响.     

浙江沿海中全新世古气候、古环境初步分析

首次通过对浙江象山爵溪镇下沙、大岙和岱山大长涂岛小沙河3个中全新世海滩岩剖面进行以动物群分析为基础,应用δ¹⁸O和¹⁴C等手段相结合的综合研究,初步分析了浙江沿海中全新世的古气候、古环境。认为海滩岩中热带贝类的出现是中全新世时气候变暖的结果。当时热带向北扩展到了浙江中北部地区,可分为3个暖期：6 040 aBP前、5 860～3 218 aBP和2 875～2 770 aBP,其中5 860～3 210 aBP较暖,它又可分为：5 860～5 490 aBP,5 490～4 110 aBP和3 765～3 210 aBP3个阶段,以5 490～4 110 aBP为最暖期,由δ¹⁸O计算的古气温约比现今当地高5～6℃。还由微量元素等特征推测了当时的古环境。     

On the Holocene sea-level highstand along the Yangtze Delta and Ningshao Plain,East China

The temporal-spatial distribution of Neolithic sites shows a long period of absence of human settlements during the early Holocene on the Yangtze Delta, and the area has not been colonized until 7000 aBP, corresponding to the onset of the Majiabang culture. Besides the regions east to the sandbar of Maqiao Site in Shanghai, foraminifera are not found in Neolithic cultural layers since 7000 aBP, indicating a widespread transgression between 10000 and 7000 aBP Evidence of radiocarbon-dated cultural relics, foraminifera and pollen records from the Hemudu Site suggests that the Hemudu culture emerged and developed during the mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum. Therefore, the hypothesis of a mid-Holocene sea-level highstand along the Yangtze Delta and Ningshao Plain from 7000 to 5000 aBP is an open debate. New evidence from archaeological excavations and bio-stratigraphy suggests that, prior to 7000 aBP, a high sea level occurred along the Ningshao Plain. Subsequently, the sea level was lowered between 7000 and 5000 aBP, and the area suffered from freauent floods from 5000 to 3900 aBP.     

Palaeoclimatic evolution recorded by multidicipline in sediments in gahai lake, qaidam basin since late last deglacial

Based on the analyses of Loss-on-Ignition (LOI), carbonate content and sediment characteristics, this paper reconstructs the climatic and environmental evolution of the Gahai Lake area since the late Last Deglacial Period.The results cover the late Last Deglacial Period and the Holocene.The climate was very unstable and rather arid during the late Last Deglacial Period.The Holocene can be divided into three pe-riods:the early Holocene (11360-8240 cal aB.P.), which was dry but unstable and featured rising tem-peratttres, the mid-Holocene (8240-3200 cal aB.P.), which was warm and wet and the late Holocene (since 3200 cal aBP), which was cold and dry.Results also show a warm-wet event around 1500 cal aB.P.     

6000 aBP以来洞庭湖沉积记录的环境演变及其同人类活动的关系

通过对东洞庭湖地区ZK01钻孔沉积物的粒度、磁化率、孢粉等古环境指标的分析, 初步揭示了该地区6000 aBP以来湖泊环境及气候演变的历史: 6000~4000 aBP, ZK01钻孔所在区域为水深较大的湖泊环境, 湖泊周围地区分布有亚热带常绿阔叶林植被, 代表较为湿热的气候; 4000~1000 aBP仍为深湖环境, 但后期水深有所减小, 其中4000 aBP的气候有明显变干变凉的趋势, 植被也发生了明显的变化; 1000~600 aBP湖泊演变为浅湖环境, 600 aBP之后进一步演变为浅滩与湖沼交互相环境。 该地区环境演变同史前及历史时期人类活动的相互关系研究表明, 6000~1000 aBP的水文环境及气候变化显著地影响了区域的古代人类文化与历史的进程, 其中4000 aBP的气候变凉及水文环境的变化可能是该地区史前文明迅速衰落的原因; 1000 aBP以来, 人类在长江两岸的筑堤和围垦等活动明显影响了洞庭湖地区的水沙过程及河湖环境的演变历史。     

黄河源地区晚第四纪环境变迁

在野外考察和１４Ｃ测年的基础上，本文论述了晚更新世至全新世黄河源地区的环境变迁。确定了在末次间冰期、末次冰期和全新世三个时期冰川、冰缘现象、湖泊、河流、植被和土壤的基本状况。最后讨论了近代环境的发展趋势。     

中原地区距今5000-4000年间古环境重建的软体动物化石证据

河南孟津邙山黄土台塬上发现的全新世湖沼沉积保存有丰富的古环境信息。根据其中所含水生、两栖与陆生软体动物化石的系统研究,作者着重讨论了距今5000-4000年间古代湖沼演化的历史,并进一步根据软体动物化石的古生态分析,指出古代湖沼的演化与当时气候的变化一致。这一研究为探讨中原地区环境演变的历史及华夏文明起源的环境背景提供了重要的资料。     

Paleoenvironmental information recorded by pollen in B-3GC gravity core in Okinawa Trough

Based on pollen records in B-3GC gravity core, environmental change since 9500 aBP of Okinawa Trough and its adjacent islands was derived. The result showed that the most time during this period was in a warm temperate climate except in middle Holocene (6800-4400 aBP) that was under subtropical climate control. During 9500–8300 aBP and 3100–2000 aBP periods, it appeared colder and drier than the rest time. The original area of pollen sources surrounding Okinawa Trough was covered by evergreen and deciduous broadleaf forest alternatively with mixed broad-leaf-conifer forest distributed in high mountainous areas. Usually, these three kinds of forests existed at the same time with difference in altitude. Pollen from subtropical and tropical plants increased obviously in about 5000–6000 aBP, reflecting a great lifting of vegetation zone and expansion of evergreen broad-leaf forest in the study area. However, there was a slight descending of plant zone and shrinking of evergreen broadleaf forest during 9500-8300 aBP and 3000-2000 aBP. During the remaining periods vegetation zone was higher than the present but in a limited range.     

Holocene abrupt climate shifts recorded in Gun Nuur lake core, northern Mongolia

A continuous 7.44 m lake core was successfully drilled at Gun Nuur Lake, northern Mongolia, and analyses on environment magnetic parameters, organic matter content and organic δ^13C were conducted in an attempt to retrieve the Holocene chronosequence of climatic changes based on 6 AMS ^14C dates. We found that the Holocene climate in northern Mongolia has been alternating between cold (or cool)/wet conditions and warm/arid conditions, and also punctuated with a series of abrupt climate shifts. The abrupt climate shifts occurred around 1750, 2800, 4000, 5200, 7200, and 9200 aBP (^14C age), being chronologically correlative to those abrupt climatic events recorded in the high-latitude North Atlantic Ocean. The correlation indicates that the climatic changes in northern Mongolia were linked with those in the North Atlantic Ocean probably via the North Atlantic Oscillation-affected westerly winds. The strength and position of westerly winds might have modulated the Siberian-Mongolian high pressure system (winter monsoon), directly influencing the climate in China.     

中国北方地区环境演变对新石器文化发展的影响

通过对中国北方地区新石器文化遗址的14C数据和遗址分布特点与环境演变研究成果的对比研究得出:在暖湿气候条件下,中原文化北上,东部文化西进,新石器文化稳定发展;气候转为干冷时,新石器文化向东向南迁移.气候恶化导致北方地区"文化事件"频发,许多新石器文化发生更替现象.全新世气候环境演变,叠加在中国北方地区资源、环境的地带性特点以及新石器文化分布的背景之上,是中国北方地区新石器文化发展与文明形成的主要动力与机制.     

中条山北麓中段洪积扇上全新世断层陡坎的发现及其新构造意义

通过室内航片解译和野外调查, 发现中条山北麓中段虞乡镇西南山前洪积扇上发育走向NW290°的陡坎。野外差分GPS测量和DEM数据分析得到其最大高度为13 m, 最小高度只有3 m, 高度的差别主要与陡坎所在的地貌面的发育先后有关, 早期冲积扇上发育的陡坎高度较大, 晚期冲积扇上发育的陡坎高度较小。另外, 断层下降盘冲沟扇状堆积也影响同一期洪积扇面上陡坎的高度, 离开冲沟越远, 堆积作用越弱, 陡坎就高一些。探槽研究揭示, 虞乡镇西南洪积扇上断层陡坎晚更新世晚期以来至少发生过两次古地震事件, 断层第一次活动时间在16720±70 aBP以后, 7700±40 aBP之前, 接近16720±70 aBP; 断层第二次活动的时间在7700±40~7020±40 aBP之间, 垂直断距大于2.2 m, 说明该陡坎为全新世断层陡坎。对比研究估计, 该断层垂直活动速率约为0.9 mm/a。     

成都平原全新世气侯变迁与古蜀文化演进相关性研究

三星堆文明的神秘消失,古环境演变应是重要原因,与全球性古气候环境变化直接相关.通过建立成都平原新石器时代以来具有较高分辨率的文化事件序列和古气候环境序列,进而将其进行对比分析,得出成都平原全新世以来气候变迁与中国其它地区基本趋势是一致的.古蜀文化发展的阶段性与全新世以来气候的变迁直接相关并贯穿于古蜀文化演进的始终.其中气候温湿期对应着古蜀文化快速发展或繁荣时期,而古蜀文化的突然中断往往对应出现气候变冷干事件,显示古蜀文化演进与成都平原全新世气侯变迁直接相关.     

柴达木盆地风成地貌类型与晚全新世古风况恢复

利用遥感图像的风成地貌形态和高分辨率古季风指标, 恢复柴达木盆地晚全新世以来的古风况, 揭示青藏高原抬升时期东亚季风变迁的历史。结果表明, 柴达木盆地晚全新世以来盛行西北风, 同时有少量西风和北风, 主要由亚洲冬季风控制, 夏季风和西风环流的影响甚微。盆地东部沙丘和雅丹地貌记录了末次盛冰期西风环流的风向, 中西部地区的风成地貌指示晚全新世以来盆地发育西北向的亚洲冬季风。青藏高原的抬升阻挡西风环流进入柴达木盆地, 并加强亚洲冬季风, 造成盆地内古风向的改变, 大气环流模式的转变发生在4000 aBP左右, 此时是柴达木盆地气候从暖湿转向冷干的重要节点。