碳化程度对混凝土中氯离子扩散系数的影响

为研究碳化程度对混凝土中氯离子扩散系数的影响,通过室内混凝土快速碳化试验获得不同碳化程度的混凝土试块,再结合氯离子快速渗透试验,计算各混凝土试块的氯离子扩散系数.试验结果表明:完全碳化试件与部分碳化试件的氯离子扩散系数未见明显差别;而完全未碳化试件的氯离子扩散系数最大,与已碳化试件有明显差距.混凝土的碳化会降低氯离子的扩散系数;碳化使混凝土的孔隙率降低、密实度提高,一定程度上阻止了氯离子向混凝土内部扩散,完全碳化试件的氯离子扩散系数约为未碳化试件的1/2左右.利用pH计对部分碳化试件进行了测试,结果表明方法可行.     

氯盐、硫酸盐溶液长期腐蚀下混凝土组成的生态控制

为解决材料与腐蚀溶液的相适应性,用3.5%NaCl溶液、3.5%NaCl与5.0%Na2SO4两种不同的腐蚀溶液对掺有不同工业废渣的生态混凝土进行长期浸泡,测试矿物掺合料含量的变化对混凝土依时扩散系数的影响.以混凝土的服役寿命为目标,确定混凝土中矿物掺合料的最佳掺量.结果表明,材料的种类和掺量以及腐蚀溶液的变化对混凝土服役寿命具有非常显著的影响,矿物掺合料掺量可以用3次多项式进行材料参数的表征;在腐蚀溶液相同,且当掺量均为30%时,粉煤灰混凝土的抗氯离子能力好于矿粉混凝土的抗氯离子能力;在3.5%NaCl溶液中,选用30%粉煤灰混凝土抗氯离子侵蚀能力较好;在3.5%NaCl和5.0%Na2SO4复合溶液中,选用30%粉煤灰和20%矿粉复掺的混凝土更能使混凝土结构耐久.     

养护龄期对混凝土氯离子扩散系数时间依赖性的影响

利用自然浸泡试验,研究了不同养护龄期的矿渣混凝土在不同暴露时间下的氯离子表观扩散系数,分析了养护龄期对氯离子表观扩散系数的影响.将表观扩散系数看作暴露时间内即时扩散系数的积分平均值,将得到的表观扩散系数转换为即时扩散系数,推导出养护龄期与即时扩散系数时间依赖性常数的关系.结果表明,混凝土中氯离子表观扩散系数随着养护龄期的增加而减小,且减小幅度逐渐减缓;养护龄期与表观扩散系数成幂函数关系.即时扩散系数的时间依赖性常数随着养护龄期的增加而增加,且增加幅度逐渐减小;即时扩散系数时间依赖性常数与养护龄期符合平方根关系.     

试验方法及碳化对混凝土氯离子扩散系数的影响

为了研究现场氯离子扩散系数测试方法Permit法的可靠性及碳化的影响,对比分析了自然浸泡法、RCM法和Permit法对强度为35～80 MPa混凝土的氯离子扩散系数测试结果的影响规律及碳化对3种方法的影响.分析结果表明:3种方法测试结果的变化规律基本相似,其中Permit法测得的氯离子扩散系数最低,且与RCM法规律更相...     

全珊瑚海水混凝土的表面自由氯离子浓度和表观氯离子扩散系数

采用不同种类水泥制备出不同强度等级的全珊瑚海水混凝土(CSC),研究其在海水浸泡环境下不同暴露时间的自由氯离子含量的分布规律,计算了CSC的表面自由氯离子含量和表观氯离子扩散系数,并探讨了暴露时间对这2个参数的影响规律.结果表明:在相同的暴露时间下,碱式硫酸镁水泥的抗Cl~-扩散渗透能力优于普通硅酸盐水泥;CSC的表面自由氯离子含量随着暴露时间的延长而呈指数型增加,且增长速率远低于普通混凝土;CSC的表观氯离子扩散系数随着暴露时间的延长而呈幂函数型递减.因此,对于实际海洋环境下的CSC结构,建议采用碱式硫酸镁水泥,从而有利于提高抗Cl~-扩散渗透能力,减缓Cl~-的侵入速度,以达到延长结构服役寿命的目的.     

碱硅酸反应作用下混凝土中氯离子扩散规律和结合能力

采用活性集料和非活性集料配成混凝土进行对比试验,研究了氯离子在同时受到碱硅酸反应(ASR)作用的混凝土中的扩散和结合特性.所用混凝土的碱含量分别为水泥质量的0.5%和1.5%,试验温度为60℃,并采用3.5%和7.5%两种不同质量分数的NaC l溶液浸泡混凝土,进行了氯离子渗透试验,测定了不同浸泡龄期下混凝土试件内部总氯离子含量和自由氯离子含量.用XRD和SEM以及压汞法对试件进行了微观结构分析.结果表明:在ASR同时作用时,混凝土的氯离子扩散速度减慢,混凝土对氯离子的结合表现为线性吸附关系,氯离子结合能力也明显降低;ASR所导致的开裂不会明显提高氯离子的侵入.由于氯离子扩散速度减慢,混凝土钢筋锈蚀时间延迟,但并不能得到抑制,并且由于氯离子结合能力的降低以及ASR的发生,孔溶液中C(C l-)/C(OH-)提高,反而会使锈蚀加快.     

GLP对混凝土微观结构及抗碳化性能影响机理

本文研究磨细石灰石粉(Ground Limestone Powder,GLP)等量替代水泥对混凝土微观结构及抗碳化性能的影响机理。通过pH值试验测试了不同GLP用量的混凝土浆体内部孔隙溶液碱储备量,采用压汞试验(MIP)分析了GLP混凝土内浆体水化产物孔结构分布特征,并对GLP混凝土进行碳化试验。结果表明:GLP等量替代水泥,会影响混凝土浆体内部孔隙溶液的pH值,GLP用量越多,孔隙溶液pH值越低,单位体积混凝土碱储备量的减小削弱了混凝土的抗碳化能力。GLP等量替代水泥改变了混凝土浆体内部孔级配分布特征,50~200nm级有害孔孔隙率及其分孔隙百分率显著增大,浆体的总孔隙率明显增大,进一步弱化了混凝土的抗碳化能力。可通过增大GLP比表面积或降低混凝土水胶比提高混凝土抗碳化能力。     

高效减水剂对结构混凝土长期性能影响

研究了聚羧酸(PCA)、高浓、低浓萘系(H-PNS,L-PNS)3种高效减水剂对混凝土浆体初始流动度、抗压强度及碳化、氯离子渗透扩散系数、干湿循环破坏性能影响.结果表明,PCA高效减水剂与H-PNS,L-PNS高效减水剂相比,具有掺量低、混凝土坍落度保持性好、早期强度发展快的特点.掺加3种高效减水剂混凝土中,相同碳化时间里,掺加L-PNS减水剂混凝土碳化深度>掺加H-PNS减水剂混凝土碳化深度>掺加PCA减水剂混凝土碳化深度,掺加L-PNS减水剂的混凝土氯离子渗透扩散系数>掺加H-PNS减水剂的混凝土氯离子渗透扩散系数>掺加PCA减水剂的混凝土氯离子渗透扩散系数.掺加3种高效减水剂的混凝土受干湿循环劣化损伤(相对抗压强度比、相对动弹性模量、质量损失)影响不大.     

疲劳载荷作用下超高程泵送钢纤维混凝土的耐久性

研究了疲劳载荷作用下的超高泵送钢纤维混凝土(SFRC)的氯离子扩散规律,对相应临界疲劳循环次数作用的SFRC试件的碳化性能进行了分析.通过对疲劳试件的不同深度自由氯离子浓度和表面氯离子扩散系数的研究表明:只要疲劳次数超过某一临界值时,SFRC试件内部的氯离子含量和表面扩散系数就会随着疲劳次数的增加而增大;在相应临界疲劳循环次数作用下,SFRC试件具有较强的抗碳化能力;该SFRC具有优异的抗氯离子扩散性能和抗碳化能力.这不仅拓展了SFRC的应用领域,也为动荷载作用下的混凝土耐久性研究提供了很好的参考和依据.     

弯曲荷载下浪溅区混凝土中氯离子的扩散规律

采用恒定弯曲荷载的方式,研究了应力水平对浪溅区海工高性能混凝土内氯离子扩散规律的影响,并采用SEM-EDS法和BET法分析了荷载对混凝土和浆体微观结构的影响.结果表明:在纯受弯段内,距暴露表面相同深度处的氯离子含量随着弯曲应力水平的增加而增大;对于典型的海工高性能混凝土配合比,混凝土试件的弯曲应力与恒定荷载影响因子之间呈近似指数函数关系,在混凝土结构耐久性设计中应考虑弯曲荷载对氯离子扩散系数的影响;弯曲应力水平的增加不仅会增大界面过渡区微裂缝的宽度,还会增加硬化浆体中毛细孔和大孔的比例,并最终引起总孔体积和平均孔径的增大,从而降低混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性能.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that