考虑公平关切的双渠道供应链垂直合作广告模型

针对制造商在分担线下零售商促销广告成本的同时还考虑参与网络零售平台合作广告计划的现实背景，运用Stackelberg博弈模型研究了双渠道供应链中的垂直合作广告问题。以单边垂直合作广告模型为基准，分别研究了双边垂直合作广告模型和考虑线下零售商公平关切的双渠道供应链合作广告模型。研究发现：网络零售平台的成本分担并不总是促进制造商全国性广告投入水平和整体利润的提升，当网络零售平台的分担比例较大时，制造商参与网络零售平台合作广告计划也有利于线下零售商利润的提升；线下零售商的公平关切行为特征会提升其促销广告的投入水平，但并不总能提升其感知公平效用；当制造商线下渠道的边际利润较大时，线下零售商过高程度的公平关切反而有利于制造商利润的提升。     

随机需求条件下供应链的广告合作

研究了由单一制造商和单一零售商组成的两级供应链的合作广告策略.在随机需求条件下,分别考察了Stackelberg主从博弈和Nash合作博弈两种情形下的最优广告策略,得到了制造商和零售商选择合作时的广告水平、订货量和整条供应链利润均优于不合作情形的结论.对于Stackelberg主从博弈,证明了当满足一定条件时,制造商才会选择承担零售商的广告费用.进一步分析得出博弈的合作均衡具有Pareto优势,应用Rubinstein讨价还价模型对增加的利润进行了分配.最后,结合数值算例对有关结论进行了验证.     

供应链竞争下基于微分对策的合作广告模型

利用微分对策理论研究了供应链竞争下的合作广告问题,构建了一个微分对策模型.在非对称的供应链情形下,运用汉密尔顿雅可比-贝尔曼方程求得了Stackelberg博弈下均衡的广告投入和广告分担比例,给出了零售商市场份额的计算公式.在对称的供应链情形下,得到了制造商对零售商进行广告补贴的一个充分条件,同时发现,市场中只有2家或3家零售商时总能保证他们得到正利润,一旦零售商数量增多则不能保证.     

Supply chain performance for deteriorating items with cooperative advertising

To study the effect of cooperative advertising on the supply chain of deteriorating items, this paper establishes a Stackelberg game model for a two-echelon deteriorating items supply chain composed of one manufacturer and one retailer under a given support program with an exogenous participation rate. The manufacturer as the leader determines the wholesale price and production rate, and the retailer as the follower determines the retail price and advertising strategies. The strategies of the players under the decentralized scenario and the centralized scenario are respectively characterized. Numerical simulations and sensitivity analysis are conducted to gain some managerial insights. It is shown that the pricing, advertising and production strategies are negatively correlated to deteriorating coefficient, and both the profit and the channel efficiency decrease with deteriorating coefficient; The interaction between price, advertising investment and production rate results in a higher retail price of the centralized channel compared to that of the decentralized channel; Implementing the cooperative advertising program does improve the performance of the supply chain in some cases and the participation rate roughly at 0.5 is most preferable, but it is also possible to distort incentive and damage the channel performance when the participation rate reaches a relatively high level.     

纵向合作广告的微分对策模型研究

基于单一制造商与单一零售商所组成的渠道结构,假设零售商广告促销活动对制造商品牌商誉存在消极影响,运用微分对策的方法,分别考察了动态架构中Nash非合作博弈、Stackelberg主从博弈以及协同合作博弈情形下制造商与零售商的最优广告策略,并对此三种博弈结构下的反馈均衡结果进行了比较分析,发现协同合作博弈情形下的系统利润、制造商和零售商广告投入都要优于非合作博弈情形时的对应值.     

融资选择冲突与可变参数风险分担机制

当中小企业面临资金约束,越来越多的核心企业承担起投资者角色.考虑生产商向资金约束零售商提供贸易信用、供应链金融等内部融资,零售商也可选择互联网金融等外部融资,且所有融资模式均受投资失败风险影响,本文探究生产商最优投资策略.首先建立优化博弈模型依次分析企业融资运营决策;进而分析投资成功率、风险分担率、零售商初始资金等关键参数影响;最后,分析生产商和零售商最优融资模式选择策略及双方博弈均衡策略,以及生产商冲突应对策略.研究表明:贸易信用融资是生产商最优融资提供策略;不同资金量零售商融资模式选择策略不同;当零售商不选择贸易信用融资时,博弈均衡下融资模式可能对生产商不利;本文提出一类可变参数风险分担机制,以改进传统常数风险分担机制的不足:生产商可根据零售商所持资金合理调整风险担保比例,以改变融资均衡.这有助于同时实现生产商、零售商、商业银行三方共赢.本研究为生产商合理开展中小企业投资运营提供了策略支持.     

WARRANTY STRATEGY IN A SUPPLY CHAIN WHEN TWO RETAILER'S EXTENDED WARRANTIES BUNDLED WITH THE PRODUCTS

We in this paper examine warranty strategy in a two-stage supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and two competing retailers.The manufacturer produces two substitute products and markets them through the two retailers to a group of consumers,respectively.For each type of products,the manufacturer's base warranty and a retailer's extended warranty are bundled with the product.We use game theoretic models to explore the interactions between the two types of warranties and the competition between the retailers.For this purpose,two scenarios are considered:no retailer and both the two retailers providing the extended warranties,respectively.In each scenario,the manufacturer's base warranties are assumed to be offered.Our results show that when the retailers offer their extended warranties,the manufacturer has no incentive to offer the base warranties;otherwise,the manufacturer has to provide the base warranties.The competition between retailers in terms of the product substitutability has no impact on warranty decisions,but affects all players' profits in the supply chain.The manufacturer can provide a longer warranty length and higher customer welfare to a customer than the retailers do,if it is more efficient than the retailers in warranty cost-efficiency,and vice versa.     

创新驱动下三级供应链分销渠道产品质量控制策略研究

基于四阶段Stackelberg动态博弈分析,构建了一个制造商、两个竞争零售商与最终顾客组成的三级供应链分销渠道质量控制模型,研究了创新驱动下在三级供应链中如何设计分销渠道策略和如何制定产品质量控制策略的问题.建立了分销渠道三种策略模型 （直接渠道策略、间接渠道策略、混合渠道策略）,并分析了创新驱动下三种分销渠道策略对制造商产品质量决策、零售商产品采购决策、 期望收益函数以及最终顾客消费者剩余的影响.可以证明：当存在创新驱动条件下,产品质量水平、批发价格、零售价格均将上升,制造商期望收益将下降,零售商期望收益将增加,最终顾客消费者剩余将会增加;当制造商选择间接渠道策略时,产品质量水平和零售价格均将下降,最终顾客的消费者剩余也会降低;当制造商选择低产品质量而采取间接渠道策略时,消费者剩余将会增加;当制造商选择高产品质量而采取间接渠道策略时,消费者剩余最低,这些结论也是对本领域相关研究的有力补充,具有一定的现实指导意义.最后,进行了算例分析,数值计算结果验证了所建模型的有效性和正确性,为该模型在实践中的具体应用指明了方向.     

考虑长效作用的竞争供应链合作广告决策分析

地方性广告存在损害顾客忠诚度和降低品牌形象的情形.为分析制造商以成本分担形式开展合作广告的前提条件,以及合作广告对消费者需求和供应链成员收益的影响,以两条"单个制造商-单个零售商"组成的竞争供应链为对象,构建了供应链之间的Nash博弈和供应链内零售商为领导者的Stackelberg博弈模型,通过考虑广告长效作用,对两个销售周期的合作广告和非合作广告博弈进行了综合比较分析.结果表明,制造商仅在广告负效用显著和商品替代率高的条件下开展合作广告;当商品替代性不显著时,合作广告可以有效提升需求,反之则降低需求;合作广告并不能提升零售商收益,但当商品替代率低时,可以改善制造商收益,同时提升供应链总收益.研究结果对地方性广告实践中的供应链成员决策具有指导意义.     

Disposing the leftovers under the consignment contract with revenue sharing: Retailer vs supplier

This paper studies the consignment contract with revenue sharing where the retailer offers two revenue share schemes between himself and his supplier from the viewpoint of inventory ownership: One is that the retailer takes charge of the unsold items,the other one is that the retailer returns the unsold items to the supplier at the end of the selling period,and the supplier disposes those overstockings.In each contract,the retailer deducts a percentage from the selling price for each sold item and transfers the balance to the supplier.The supplier solves a two-stage problem:She first chooses contract,then decides retail price and delivery quantity according to the terms of the contract chosen.With an iso-price-elastic demand model,the authors derive the retailer and suppliers’ optimal decisions for both schemes.In addition,the authors characterize how they are affected by disposing cost.The authors compare the decisions between the two schemes for disposing cost turn out to be holding cost or salvage value,respectively.The authors use numerical examples to show the supplier’s first-stage optimal decision depends critically on demand price elasticity,the disposing cost and the retailer’s share for channel cost.     

MANUFACTURER’S UNIFORM PRICING AND CHANNEL CHOICE WITH A RETAIL PRICE MARKUP COMMITMENT STRATEGY

The paper studies channel choice decisions in a multi-channel supply chain under a strategy where there is an ex-ante commitment made on the retail price markup. The market demand is uncertain and dependent on the price and sales efforts. The results show that in any channel structure, when making order decisions the retailer only examines the price ratio and the fluctuation size of random demand, rather than the channel cost and the retailer＇s marketing efficiency. When the retail price rises, the manufacturer is willing to increase inventory quantity for direct sales, because the manufacturer＇s profit margin is higher in direct channel. The increase in demand fluctuation only affects the degree of channel preference but doesn＇t change the manufacturer＇s channel choice. No matter in which level the price ratio is, when the sales efficiency of retail channel is not high or the demand proportion of direct channel is low, the manufacturer and the retailer will be both apt to choose a dual-channel structure. Then adding a direct channel becomes a marketing strategy, rather than a competitor of the retail channel, and helps the supply chain win more market demand.     

Cooperative advertising and pricing models in a dynamic marketing channel

This paper studies dynamic pricing and cooperative advertising strategies in a two-member channel of distribution. We propose differential game models that incorporate the carryover effects of advertising over time for both manufacturer and retailer. Two different models are studied. Firstly, we discussed a non-cooperative differential game which the manufacturer supports partially the cost of the promotion activities. Secondly, both channel members cooperatively determine their respective strategies. In these two cases, dynamic cooperative advertising and pricing strategies are characterized. Then numerical simulation method is applied to analyze the sensitivity of main model parameters and compare the main results of the two models. The simulation results show that the cooperative model achieves better coordination than the non-cooperative model with the following features： all channel members achieve higher advertising efforts and profit level in the cooperative case rather than in the non-cooperative case.     

基于一个博弈论方法的简单供应链合作广告模型

在合作广告文献中,重点研究一个制造商是领导者而零售商是追随者之间的关系.最近对市场结构的考察已显示出零售势力从制造商向零售商的转移.由于这种新市场现象的出现,文章意欲考察一个制造商和一个零售商在品牌投资、地方广告支出和广告费用共享规则上进行交易时纵向合作广告的效率.本文的探讨基于两个非合作性博弈模型.     

随机需求下单制造商两零售商合作广告协调模型

考虑了由单个制造商两个零售商所组成的供应链生产销售Newsvendor型产品的合作广告问题.分析了制造商的品牌广告投入及两个竞争零售商的地方促销广告投入对每个零售商需求的影响,分别给出了分散决策和一体化决策下制造商的最优广告投入,两个竞争零售商的最优地方促销广告投入及销售期初的最优订购批量,利用利润共享契约使得供应链达到协调,并从供应链各成员风险偏好的角度对渠道收益的分配问题进行了探讨.     

供应链中制造商与代理商广告合作的博弈

供应链中为了做好产品的销售工作,往往要对产品进行有效的宣传,有一个对制造商与代理商都适宜的广告宣传计划。而在以往的文献中,研究的重点往往基于这样一种关系,制造商处于主导地位,代理商处于从属地位。随着市场的发展,制造商与代理商在广告宣传中的地位发生了变化,代理商可能已经等于甚至超越了制造商在广告宣传中所发挥的作用。本文运用博弈的方法,分别以制造商和代理商为主进行分析,得出不同情况下的最优广告策略。     

基于博弈论的逆向供应链定价策略分析

逆向供应链与传统供应链不同,传统供应链中的定价策略在逆向供应链中不再适用.为了解决该问题,基于单一制造商和单一零售商构成的逆向供应链系统,应用博弈理论对废旧产品回收的定价策略进行研究.分别得出了两个非合作博弈的均衡解(斯坦克尔伯格均衡和纳什均衡)和一个合作博弈的均衡解(联合定价),并进一步对各种定价策略的效率进行了分析.     

竞争市场中的库存共享实施策略

零售商间的竞争使市场中的库存共享和转运实施变的困难,这造成极大的资源浪费.为实现竞争厂商间的库存转运共享,本文设计了一类由生产商主导的库存转运机制,进而分析转运系统的协调策略.假设市场需求随机且存在顾客转移,考虑两销售周期,针对由单生产商、两零售商组成的供应链系统.首先建立Stackelberg-Nash均衡博弈策略模型刻画供应链分销系统;其次设计生产商主导的竞争零售商主动转运机制;运用博弈分析方法分别给出分散式无转运、分散式转运及集中式转运系统的最优生产、订货、补货及转运等均衡策略;设计了一类由调货价合同、批发价合同、加盟费合同组成的组合协调机制,以实现分散式分销系统的协调及效率改进.研究及分析表明:生产商主导的协助转运机制能实现竞争零售商间的主动库存转运和共享;合理批发价、调货价、加盟费等设置下的组合协调合同能够实现供应链转运分销系统的完美协调.研究为企业科学开展库存决策提供了依据.     

MARKETING OBJECTIVES OF RETAILERS WITH DIFFERENTIATED GOODS： AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE

1. Introduction Conventionally, different marketingmanagers have different marketing objectives before making marketing decisions. For360 JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS SCIENCE AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING different marketing objectives, a firm has different quantity and/or pricing strategies. Furthermore, to a large degree the marketing objective strategies determine the profit and survival of a firm. Should a firm take the profit maximization strategy or the revenue maximization strategy? …     

网络零售商双渠道销售下的混合渠道供应链定价决策

针对零售商竞争型供应链结构中网络零售商的线下市场进入策略及产品定价问题,构建由单个制造商、单个传统零售商和单个网络零售商组成的供应链博弈模型,通过比较网络零售商是否开通线下渠道两种渠道策略下的最优定价和成员利润,分析了网络零售商开通线下渠道对供应链最优决策的影响.研究表明:网络零售商开通线下渠道情形下,随着网络零售商线下市场份额占比的增加,传统零售商利润减少,制造商利润增加,而网络零售商利润先增再减,存在极大值点.网络零售商、制造商和供应链的利润都会因为网络零售商线下渠道的开设而得到优化,当网络零售商线下市场份额占比低于特定阈值时,网络零售商新增线下渠道也将使得传统零售商获利更大,此时供应链中所有成员的利润都将得到优化.