水溶性钌络合物催化卤代芳香硝基化合物选择性加氢的研究

研究了水／有机两相催化体系中，水溶性钌络合物催化剂AC—1催化卤代芳香硝基化合物中硝基的选择性加氢反应．以对—氯硝基苯为底物，考察了表面活性剂种类及浓度、反应温度、氢压、催化剂浓度和反应时间等对反应转化率和选择性的影响．实验结果表明，阳离子表面活性剂对反应有明显的影响，其中以添加十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)效果最好．当反应条件为90℃，氢压4．0MPa时，反应5h，对-氯硝基苯转化率可达100％，生成对—氯苯胺的选择性可达99．9％．该催化体系对其它卤代芳香硝基化合物的选择性加氢也具有很高的活性和选择性。     

负载型钌-铱双金属催化剂催化对氯硝基苯选择性加氢

采用异丙醇浸渍法制备了负载型Ru-Ir/γ-A l2O3双金属催化剂用于催化对氯硝基苯的选择加氢。系统考察了温度、压力、时间、溶剂的极性及底物浓度对于催化加氢反应的影响。实验结果表明,在Ru-Ir/γ-A l2O3双金属催化体系中,催化剂的活性和目标产物的选择性较好。在P(H2)=1.0 MPa,70℃,反应150 m in的条件下,双金属催化剂Ru-Ir/γ-A l2O3催化对氯硝基苯中硝基选择性加氢反应转化率达到100%,生成对氯苯胺选择性达95%。     

Ru-Pd/AC双金属负载催化剂上不同基团的取代芳烃液相加氢反应活性的比较

采用自制的Ru／AC、Ru-Pd／AC、Pd／AC催化剂，考察了不同供电与吸电基团的取代苯、吡啶以及萘等芳香烃的加氢活性．结果表明：双金属Ru-Pd／AC(w／w=5％）催化剂的活性远大于Ru／AC(w／w=5％)，并与Pd／AC(w／w=3～4％)相当，因此双金属Ru和Pd之间存在协同作用．同时，在相同的实验条件下，带供电子基团的取代苯的加氢活性高于带吸电子基团取代苯，表现出很好的芳环加氢规律。     

PVP-2Ru／1Pt双金属胶体催化氢化氯代硝基苯

以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）为保护剂,乙醇为还原剂,乙醇-水为溶剂制备了PVP-2Ru／1Pt双金属胶体．以PVP-2Ru／1Pt催化间氯硝基苯（m-CNB）和对氯硝基苯（p-CNB）的催化氢化反应．考察了底物浓度、催化剂浓度和反应温度等因素的影响．当反应温度为30℃,氢气压力为0．1MPa时,反应速率分别可达0．0545（m-CNB）和0．0542（p-CNB）s^-1,转化率均可达到100％,间氯苯胺和对氯苯胺的选择性分别可达99．3％和〉99．9％．     

负载Pt催化剂在卤代硝基苯氢化反应中的催化性能研究

考察了常压、303K反应条件下，γ—Al2O3、TiO2和ZrO2上负载的铂催化剂在卤代硝基苯的氢化反应中的催化性能，同时考察了过渡金属(Cr，Mn，Fe，Co，Ni和Cu)改性Pt/ZrO2的催化性能．不同负载的铂催化剂加氢活性次序为：Pt／TiO2＞Pt／γ—Al2O3＞Pt/ZrO2，相应的对氯苯胺(p—CAN)选择性次序为：Pt／TiO2＞Pt／ZrO2＞Pt／γ—Al2O3．KBH4处理过的催化剂显示了较高的催化活性．Mn、Fe和Co的引入同时提高了Pt／ZrO2催化剂的催化活性和p—CAN选择性．PtNi／ZrO2催化剂随着Ni含量的增加，催化活性降低，但产物p—CAN的选择性都超过99％．     

水溶性铑-膦络合物催化1-丁烯氢甲酰化反应研究

研究了在以水溶性铑膦络合物RhCl(CO)(TPPTS)2为催化剂的两相体系中，反应温度、压力、膦铑比、催化剂浓度、CO／H2分压比、底物浓度等对1-丁烯氢甲酰化反应的活性和区域选择性的影响．结果表明，RhCl(CO)(TPPTS)2对水／有机两相催化体系1-丁烯氢甲酰化反应表现出良好的活性和区域选择性，在100℃，2．5MPa，[TPPTS]／[Rh]=25时，生成戊醛的TOF高达2500h^-1，生成正戊醛的选择性达到87．5％．     

负载型Fe金属催化剂催化邻氯硝基苯选择加氢

用化学还原方法制备了以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）稳定的Fe／γ-Al2O3负载型单金属催化剂，利用乙醇液相催化重整制氢，直接进行卤代硝基苯原位液相加氢制备卤代苯胺，考察了反应时间、反应温度以及金属离子等因素的影响．研究结果表明，在260℃，反应进行5h，水，乙醇体积比为9：5和Ni^2＋离子作修饰剂的条件下，o-CNB的转化率为92．0％，选择性达到98．2％．     

Pd-Sn/吸附树脂催化剂催化氢化卤代硝基苯的选择性

研究了大孔聚苯乙烯系吸附树脂Ｄ３５２０负载的钯锡催化剂氢化卤代芳香硝基化合物的性能，分别考察了温度、溶剂、底物浓度等对其选择性的影响，并与文献值进行了比较．结果表明：原子比为０８的ＰｄＳｎ／Ｄ３５２０催化剂对氯硝基苯３种异构体的加氢，不仅活性高、反应条件温和，而且脱氯率较低．     

还原条件对Pd/Al2O3催化剂上对硝基苯酚加氢性能的影响

用过量浸渍-液相还原法制备Pd/Al2 O3催化剂,采用等离子发射光谱仪(ICP)、X线衍射仪(XRD)对催化剂进行表征,并在对硝基苯酚催化加氢反应中考察其催化性能.结果表明:还原剂的类型、还原温度和还原时间对Pd/Al2 O3催化剂的晶型和活性影响显著.当采用水合肼(N2 H4·H2O)作还原剂、0℃还原30 min时,催化剂表现出较高的对硝基苯酚加氢活性,加氢速率达到22.7 mmol/(min·g),对氨基苯酚的选择性为100％,收率为99％.与工业常用骨架Ni催化剂的性能进行比较,Pd/Al2 O3催化剂在活性、选择性和稳定性都明显优于骨架Ni催化剂.     

Ru-Ir双金属催化剂制备及其催化氯代硝基苯加氢反应的研究

采用浸渍法制备了系列负载型Ru-Ir双金属催化剂,用于催化对氯硝基苯的选择加氢.系统考察了不同制备方法和制备条件对催化剂性能的影响.实验结果表明,以γ-Al2O3为载体,用异丙醇共浸渍钌和铱,氢压为4.0 MPa,温度180 ℃,用氢气还原18 h 制备的双金属Ru-Ir催化剂(nRu :nIr=4:1,担载量为2.0%)具有较好的催化性能.该催化剂用于对氯硝基苯加氢还原反应中,在反应温度60 ℃,氢气压力为2.0 MPa,底物与催化剂的摩尔比为1000:1条件下,反应1 h,转化率可达90.4%,目标产物对氯苯胺的选择性达99.5%.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.