长江上中下游河道水沙特征和水沙关系简

利用1950—2010年间宜昌、汉口和大通站的有关资料,对比分析长江流域上中下游河段的径流量和输沙量特性及其在时间上和空间上的变化规律.1950—2010年宜昌站多年平均径流量为4.32×10¹¹ m³,汉口站为7.07×10¹¹ m³,大通站为8.96×10¹¹ m³,上游来水量与中下游来水量各占一半左右.年际间年径流量存在波动变化,但未出现明显的趋势性增减变化.而三峡水库建成后径流量存在年内削峰补枯现象;1950—2010年宜昌站多年平均输沙量为4.34×10⁸ t,汉口站为3.59×10⁸ t,大通站为3.90×10⁸ t,泥沙主要来源于上游流域.而年际间年输沙量从20世纪80年代开始出现下降,尤其2003年三峡水库建成后输沙量出现锐减,宜昌站年平均输沙量降为0.54×10⁸ t,汉口站为1.17×10⁸ t,大通站为1.52×10⁸ t,汛期输沙量减少更明显,而且不同粒径组的悬沙输沙量出现不一致的下降,这与中下游河床和岸滩沉积物再浮悬泥沙及湖泊补给的泥沙组成有关.对悬沙不同粒径组的输沙量与径流量之间建立散点关系图,表明D≥0.1 mm泥沙粒径组的线性关系较好,而全沙粒径组尤其是细颗粒组相关性较差,符合河流动力学的相关理论.本研究成果对认识近年来人类活动干扰下的长江流域水沙变化有着重要的现实意义.     

人类活动对长江泥沙特性的影响

随着长江流域水资源开发利用程度的提高,长江泥沙特性在一定程度上也发生了变化.为分析水资源开发利用对长江泥沙特性的影响,以长江万县、宜昌、汉口、大通、白河、仙桃6个水文站为研究对象,以丹江口、葛洲坝及三峡水库关闸蓄水时间划分研究阶段,利用各站近50 a的日含沙量资料对比分析了各研究阶段长江年、汛期、非汛期、月输沙量变化特性.结果表明,不同历时的输沙量均呈显著减少趋势.该研究成果为评价人类活动对长江生态系统健康与稳定性的影响提供了参考.     

基于样本熵理论的长江干流径流序列复杂性分析

基于样本熵理论,选取宜昌站、汉口站和大通站为长江干流主要水文控制站,对3站的径流序列进行分析,研究长江干流径流序列复杂性的空间分布及动态变化特征。结果表明:长江干流径流序列复杂性具有明显的空间差异性,从上游到下游总体上呈现增加趋势。各站的样本熵值与年径流量均呈现负相关关系。宜昌站和大通站径流序列复杂性处于不断增加趋势,汉口站21世纪以来呈现增加趋势。     

长江输沙与河口的冲淤变化关系

以长江宜昌站、汉口站和大通站的径流量、输沙量等水沙特征值以及在崇明东滩上的实测数据为资料来源,探讨了多年来长江口的来水来沙态势,并运用泥沙通量估算方法,推算出近年崇明东滩的年淤涨速度,通过对比发现：近年来长江的径流量未见减少,输沙量却有减少的趋势;潮滩向海淤涨明显减慢．作者对两者之间存在的关系及其原因作了初步探讨,认为潮滩淤涨减慢在很大程度上是由于长江的输沙量减少所致;淤涨减慢的幅度超过了来沙量减少的程度,其重要原因是上游来沙减少的主要是易于沉积的中粗颗粒部分．     

人类活动对长江径流量特性的影响

随着长江流域水资源开发利用程度的提高以及全球气候的变化,长江径流特性在一定程度上发生了变化.为分析人类活动对长江径流特性的影响,以万县、宜昌、汉口、大通、白河、仙桃6个水文站为研究对象,以丹江口、葛洲坝及三峡水库关闸蓄水时间划分研究时段,利用各站近50 a的日流量资料对比分析了各研究时段长江年、汛期、非汛期、月径流量变化特性.结果表明,水库对河流径流量的影响与水库库容大小、水库运行方式以及测站与水库的距离远近有关.     

Impacts of Soil.Water Conservation in Jialing River on Sedimentation of the Three Gorges Reservoir

The Jialing River is one of the main tributaries of the Yangtze River. The average annual runoff accounts for 16 % and the sediment load 26% of the total at Yichang therefore it＇s one of the main contributors of sediment to the Three Gorges Reservoir. Ever since 1989, our country has implemented ＂Yangtze River soil and water conservation＂ project, Till the end of 1996, altogether 25.8 % of erosion area in Jialing River has been improved after large scale conservation has taken effect. The analysis and comparison between records taken before and after the implementation of soil and water conservation on runoff and sediment yield indicated that the sediment load soil erosion in Jialing river basin has been taken under control to some extent. Amount of annual runoff in main conservations have generally dropped by exponential function. Obvious result has been achieved in Jialing River, efficiency of sand reduction is about 10%-25%. Therefore, sediment to Three Gorges Reservoir is decreased accordingly, and it will be beneficial to take advantage of reser- voir＇s synthetic benefit.     

钱塘江河口区重矿物特征及其与动力环境的关系

本文研究钱塘江河口区的重矿物组成、组合类型、重矿物的分区及其与水动力的关系,同时探讨其物质的来源。钱塘江河口区已鉴定的重矿物有25种,分为四种组合类型,同时存在与其相适应的四个重矿物区,近口段重矿物区、河口段重矿物区,杭州湾重矿物区与金山深槽重矿物区。钱塘江河口区在不同的区段其沉积物来源不一样。近口段主要来自钱塘江流域,口外海滨主要来自长江口,河口段则两者兼有,而金山深槽主要来自槽下被冲刷出来的全新世的沉积物。     

钱塘江河口区重矿物特征及其与动力环境的关系

本文研究钱塘江河口区的重矿物组成、组合类型、重矿物的分区及其与水动力的关系,同时探讨其物质的来源。钱塘江河口区已鉴定的重矿物有25种,分为四种组合类型,同时存在与其相适应的四个重矿物区,近口段重矿物区、河口段重矿物区,杭州湾重矿物区与金山深槽重矿物区。钱塘江河口区在不同的区段其沉积物来源不一样。近口段主要来自钱塘江流域,口外海滨主要来自长江口,河口段则两者兼有,而金山深槽主要来自槽下被冲刷出来的全新世的沉积物。     

Spatial and temporal distribution of trace elements in Yangtze Estuary, China: Significance of diluted setting

The present study is to examine the spatial and temporal distribution of eight trace elements (Sr, Ba, B, Ga, Ni, V, Cu, and F) in various Holocene marine subfacies in the Yangtze Estuary, including its subaqueous delta by sediment borehole and vibrocore. Results demonstrate that grain size is the determinant factor in controlling the concentration of most trace elements discussed. Prodelta mud that occurs usually below the normal wave base can serve as a depository sink for trapping trace elements over the long-term time period. For example, copper concentration is 5-6 times higher than those found in the estuarine sediment. Boron, which is used to be a salinity indicator, shows a strong negative correlation with paleosalinity (using sediment phosphate method), implying desalinized water setting in the Yangtze Estuary, into which a large quantity of the Yangtze freshwater (924 × 10⁹ m³/a) has discharged. Trace element concentrations of the study area were compared with those collected from the middle and lower Yangtze River reaches, and from the east China continental shelf, including the Okinawa Trough. Result tends to show a terrigenous derivation of most geochemical components of the study area. Concentrations of strontium and barium are correlated with an increase in distance away from the estuary, rather than affected by grain size. Variation of trace elements in downcore Holocene sediment sections are fairly consistent with concentrations revealed by the modern vibrocore transect that extends from nearshore delta front, to offshore prodelta and to the delta-shelf transit zone. The overall distribution of geochemical elements discussed is capable of environmental implication to characterize the Yangtze estuarine transit between land and sea.     

三峡水库建成后对长江河床演变的影响

长江三峡水库是特大型水库.长江三峡水利枢纽建成后,由于水动力条件改变,引起水库上、下河段河流地貌发育过程的一系列变化,对环境产生如下冲击和影响:①基准面抬高,流入水库各条支流在入库河口区及以下区域迅速产生水下淤积,形成河口拦门沙和水下三角洲.②水库上游河道发生变形.水库蓄水后引起库岸变形,这种库岸变形可能延续几十年的时间,影响到库岸的稳定性、水库库区附近淹没浸没以及水库渗漏等.水库运营时清水下泄,引起水库下游河床冲刷以及下游河道变形,受影响最大的是武汉及其以上荆江河段.根据三峡库区的实际情况,认为影响最大、最应该立项和进行综合研究的问题有3个方面:第一,入库河流河口地区的水下淤积问题;第二,水库运营过程中引起的库岸变形及库岸的稳定性问题;第三,水库下游清水下泄河床重新调整时,对下游荆江等河道的影响.     

长江大通站水沙过程的基本特征Ⅱ.输沙过程分析

长江入海泥沙丰富,对长江三角洲的发育、河口滩槽冲淤演变及开发治理有重要影响.大通站1953~2000年输沙序列的趋势分析和周期分析表明,虽然宜昌站输沙量和大通站径流序列无显著趋势变化,但是大通站的年输沙序列(尤其是汛期各月输沙序列)却呈现较显著的下降趋势,这主要与洞庭湖、鄱阳湖及江汉湖群淤积等因素有关.由于流域产沙区主要集中于上游地区,上、中、下游的产沙效应有很大差异,因此,水沙情势相吻合的年份仅有三成.月输沙更加集中于汛期,5~10月的输沙量占全年的87.7%.关于洪枯季的输沙匹配状况也作了初步分析.     

Analysis on river sediment changes of the upper reaches of Yantze River

The sediment load and river sedimentation of the upper reaches of Yangtze River has been undergoing constant changes as complex landform, large mountain area and plentiful precipitation make the drainage area of Yangtze River very vulnerable to water erosion and gravity erosion. Through analyzing the hydrological and sediment load statistics recorded by major hydrological stations along Yangtze River since 1950s, and editing the accumulation graph of annual runoff volume and annual sediment load, we find out that the suspended-sediment of Yangtze river has been decreasing year by year in Wulong Hydrological Station on Wujiang River. Beibei Hydrological Station on Jialingjiang River, Lijiawan Hydrological Station on Tuojiang River and Gaochang Hydrological Station on Minjiang River, Yichang Hydrological Station, Cuntan Hydrological Station along Yangtze River mainstream share the same experience too. But the statistics obtained at Pingshan Hydrological Station on Jinshajiang River shows the sediment load there has increased. Taking ecological construction, hydraulic engineering construction and precipitation changes into consideration, the thesis analyses the causes for the sediment load decrease of Jialingjiang River, Tuojiang River, Minjiang River and Wujiang River and provides us both scientific foundation for further study of river sediment changes of the upper reaches of Yangtze River, and measures to control river sedimentation. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50099620) Biography: ZHONG Xiang-hao (1942-), male, researcher, research direction: mountain environment and ecology.     

Analysis on River Sediment Changes of the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River

The sediment load and river sedimentation of the upper reaches of Yangtze River has been undergoing constant changes as complex landformlarge mountain area and plentiful precipitation make the drainage area of Yangtze River very vulnerable to water erosion and gravity erosion. Through analyzing the hydrological and sediment load statistics recorded by major hydrological stations along Yangtze River since 1950s, and editing the accumulation graph of annual runoff volume and annual sediment load, we find out that the suspended-sediment of Yangtze river has been decreasing year by year in Wulong Hydrological Station on Wujiang River, Beibei Hydrological Station on Jialingjiang River, Lijiawan Hydrological Station on Tuojiang River and Gaochang Hydrological Station on Minjiang River, Yichang Hydrological Station, Cuntan Hydrological Station along Yangtze River mainstream share the same experience too. But the statistics obtained at Pingshan Hydrological Station on Jinshajiang River shows the sediment load there has increased. Taking ecological construction, hydraulic engineering construction and precipitation changes into consideration, the thesis analyses the cauls for the sediment load decrease of Jialingjiang River, Tuojiang River, Minjiang River and Wujiang River and provides us both scientific foundation for further study of river sediment changes of the upper reaches of Yangtze River, and measures to control river sedimentation.     

长江武汉段和黄河花园口段水体中重金属污染物的急性毒性效应

采用Q67发光菌和大型蚤为试验生物,在实验室条件下对长江武汉段、黄河花园口段的河水及表层沉积物和孔隙水及其加标样品(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni)进行了毒性测试,通过测定样品对受试生物的EC₅₀和LC₅₀值,评价了2河段水体重金属毒性和对毒性的屏蔽效应。结果表明长江武汉段和黄河花园口段的上覆水和沉积物孔隙水均未对Q67发光菌产生毒性,但是长江沉积物样品在96h内对大型蚤产生明显的急性毒性。加标重金属后,长江孔隙水中观察到的毒性均小于黄河孔隙水;而在上覆水中,加标后毒性增加,其中加入相同质量浓度Zn和Ni,长江表现出的毒性反而大于黄河;对加标的长江沉积物,不同重金属对大型蚤的毒性大小顺序是Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb。     

河口形状对最大浑浊带形成的影响

利用改进的ECOM模式和耦合进的悬沙输运模式,通过设计一个平直和喇叭形理想河口,研究河口形状对最大浑浊带的影响.在滞流点处存在着最大浑浊带, 中心位于南岸, 从动力机制上揭示了最大浑浊带形成的原因.与平直河口相比,喇叭形河口因口门内河口变宽,使得表层向海的流辐散而流速减小,从而造成喇叭形河口段盐水入侵加剧,进而造成底层向陆的密度流及其向西流动的距离增加,盐水在平直河道内向西入侵的距离增加.喇叭形河口悬沙浓度减少,但存在着两个最大浑浊带.一个在平直河道段,因滞流点上移,而相应向上游移动,另一个在喇叭形河口段南岸,主要是由挾带悬沙的径流受科氏力的作用向南岸偏转以及底层横向环流向南岸输送高浓度悬沙造成的.河口形状对河口环流、盐水入侵和最大浑浊带的影响明显.     

长江河口及其邻近海域的自然环境

本文概述了长江河口演变过程和水下三角洲的形成机理,河口地区潮汐作用、波浪作用和近岸流系的性质以及长江口外淡水扩散及其对邻近海域的影响等问题。本文还讨论了长江河口环流类型和特征、最大浑浊带分布及其变化、潮滩和水下三角洲的发育以及河口地区生物与环境的关系等。根据上述多方面环境因子的分析并进行汇总,作者对长江河口及其邻近海域的自然环境特征作出了评价。     

长江河口及其邻近海域的自然环境

本文概述了长江河口演变过程和水下三角洲酌形成机理,河口地区潮汐作用、波浪作用和近岸流系的性质以及长江口外淡水扩散及其对邻近海域的影响等问题。本文还讨论了长江河口环流类型和特征、最大浑浊带分布及其变化、潮滩和水下三角洲的发育以及河口地区生物与环境的关系等。根据上述多方面环境因子的分析并进行汇总,作者对长江河口及其邻近海域的自然环境特征作出了评价。     

洪季长江口径流量与近海海平面的响应关系

为了分析长江口洪季径流量对其近海海平面上升的影响权重,基于1950~2011年大通站实测洪季月均径流量资料,统计分析出大通站洪季发生频率为25%,50%和75%时对应的径流量以及多年平均径流量,并利用长江口杭州湾潮流数学模型,计算分析长江洪季径流量对长江口口内平均潮位和近海海平面的影响.研究结果表明:随着径流量的增加,整个计算区域的平均潮位也随之增大,且从上游到口外平均潮位增幅沿程减小,近海南部平均潮位增长幅度比近海北部大.口内及近海平均潮位与径流量呈正相关关系,在径流量增加20 000m3·s-1的情况下,杭州湾大部分区域平均潮位增加0.005~0.010m.     

泥沙输移对长江中游水位抬升的影响

通过对长江干流宜昌至汉口河段及与洞庭湖区泥沙输移变化的综合分析,得到了三口分流分沙逐年减少是造成洞庭湖区淤积速率减小和螺山至汉口河段淤积速率增大的主要原因,也是造成长江干流监利至螺山河段水位逐年抬升、洞庭湖区的洪水调节能力大幅度下降的主要原因等结论．按照因势利导的治理原则,荆江及洞庭湖的近期治理策略应是淤积围垸减少河道淤积、疏浚河道、加固干堤．     

葛洲坝水利枢纽工程对宜昌河段水文水力特性的影响

根据葛洲坝水库蓄水前后宜昌水文站水文实测资料,分析了葛洲坝水利枢纽工程对宜昌河段水位-流量关系、断面形状和水位变化规律的影响.结果表明,葛洲坝水库蓄水后,宜昌河段水文水力特征变化符合惯性区理论,洪水波运动形式发生变化,坝前水流流速降低,水流挟沙能力和推移力下降,水库淤积现象加重,下泄水流中的含沙量下降,宜昌河段推移质输入减少,下泄水流对河道的冲刷能力增强,原有的冲淤平衡被打破,河床质变粗,断面形状不断变化,宜昌河段河床下切、水流能量增大、流速增大,同流量情况下的水位较天然河道有所下降.