Natural methyl bromide and methyl chloride emissions from coastal salt marshes

Atmospheric methyl bromide (CH3Br) and methyl chloride (CH3Cl), compounds that are involved in stratospheric ozone depletion, originate from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Current estimates of CH3Br and CH3Cl emissions from oceanic sources, terrestrial plants and fungi, biomass burning and anthropogenic inputs do not balance their losses owing to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals, oceanic degradation, and consumption in soils, suggesting that additional natural terrestrial sources may be important. Here we show that CH3Br and CH3Cl are released to the atmosphere from all vegetation zones of two coastal salt marshes. We see very large fluxes of CH3Br and CH3Cl per unit area: up to 42 and 570 micromol m(-2) d(-1), respectively. The fluxes show large diurnal, seasonal and spatial variabilities, but there is a strong correlation between the fluxes of CH3Br and those of CH3Cl, with an average molar flux ratio of roughly 1:20. If our measurements are typical of salt marshes globally, they suggest that such ecosystems, even though they constitute less than 0.1% of the global surface area, may produce roughly 10% of the total fluxes of atmospheric CH3Br and CH3Cl.     

A strong source of methyl chloride to the atmosphere from tropical coastal land

Methyl chloride (CH3Cl), the most abundant halocarbon in the atmosphere, has received much attention as a natural source of chlorine atoms in the stratosphere. The annual global flux of CH3Cl has been estimated to be around 3.5 Tg on the grounds that this must balance the loss through reaction with OH radicals (which gives a lifetime for atmospheric CH3Cl of 1.5 yr). The most likely main source of methyl chloride has been thought to be oceanic emission, with biomass burning the second largest source. But recent seawater measurements indicate that oceanic fluxes cannot account for more than 12% of the estimated global flux of CH3Cl, raising the question of where the remainder comes from. Here we report evidence of significant CH3Cl emission from warm coastal land, particularly from tropical islands. This conclusion is based on a global monitoring study and spot measurements, which show enhancement of atmospheric CH3Cl in the tropics, a close correlation between CH3Cl concentrations and those of biogenic compounds emitted by terrestrial plants, and OH-linked seasonality of CH3Cl concentrations in middle and high latitudes. A strong, equatorially located source of this nature would explain why the distribution of CH3Cl is uniform between the Northern and Southern hemispheres, despite their differences in ocean and land area.     

对硝基苯磺酰基乙酸酯的一烷基化反应

在固液相转移催化「Ｋ２ＣＯ３／ＣＨ３ＣＮ／Ｃ６Ｈ５ＣＨ２Ｎ（Ｃ２Ｈ５３Ｃｌ」条件下,对硝基苯磺酰基乙酸酯可与溴代烷发生一基化反应。     

Evidence from the Pacific troposphere for large global sources of oxygenated organic compounds

The presence of oxygenated organic compounds in the troposphere strongly influences key atmospheric processes. Such oxygenated species are, for example, carriers of reactive nitrogen and are easily photolysed, producing free radicals-and so influence the oxidizing capacity and the ozone-forming potential of the atmosphere-and may also contribute significantly to the organic component of aerosols. But knowledge of the distribution and sources of oxygenated organic compounds, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, is limited. Here we characterize the tropospheric composition of oxygenated organic species, using data from a recent airborne survey conducted over the tropical Pacific Ocean (30 degrees N to 30 degrees S). Measurements of a dozen oxygenated chemicals (carbonyls, alcohols, organic nitrates, organic pernitrates and peroxides), along with several C2-C8 hydrocarbons, reveal that abundances of oxygenated species are extremely high, and collectively, oxygenated species are nearly five times more abundant than non-methane hydrocarbons in the Southern Hemisphere. Current atmospheric models are unable to correctly simulate these findings, suggesting that large, diffuse, and hitherto-unknown sources of oxygenated organic compounds must therefore exist. Although the origin of these sources is still unclear, we suggest that oxygenated species could be formed via the oxidation of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere, the photochemical degradation of organic matter in the oceans, and direct emissions from terrestrial vegetation.     

大气中二羰基化合物及其生成的二次有机气溶胶

二次有机气溶胶(secondary organic aerosol, SOA)对大气灰霾的贡献是当前大气化学研究的热点. 二羰基化合物(乙二醛和甲基乙二醛)是大气光化学反应的中间产物, 可以通过多种途径形成SOA, 对SOA的形成和总量增加有重要的贡献. 大气中二羰基化合物主要来源于生物源(如异戊二烯)和人为源(如乙炔)等挥发性有机物的氧化. 二羰基化合物可通过气粒分配(可逆过程)形成SOA, 也可被云、雾或水相气溶胶吸收, 发生水合、聚合、氧化等反应,生成的低挥发性产物留在颗粒相中生成SOA(不可逆过程). 目前常用的二羰基化合物检测方法是利用衍生化试剂与二羰基化合物反应生成衍生物, 经溶剂洗脱后再用气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC/MS)仪进行分析.     

大气压DBD甲烷二氧化碳转化方法研究

在不使用催化剂,吸收剂的环境友好条件下,利用大气压介质阻挡强电离放电加速电子及激励气体分子方法,将CH4和CO2气体激发、电离和离解成CH3,CH2,CH,H,CO,O,OH等活性粒子,并在非平衡等离子体反应器内重新组合,生成合成气、气态烃及含氧有机物醇、酸等有价值产物,甲烷的转化率高达60%以上,二氧化碳或氮气的加入使甲烷的转化率有明显提高,甲烷与二氧化碳反应气的最佳体积比为3/1.当甲烷体积分数为75%时,可得到H2/CO摩尔比为3的高质量的合成气,收集到的液体产物主要有醇、酸和水等.     

半氟烃链作桥链的对称酯类二聚体的合成及介晶性

合成全氟烃链或半氟烃链作为中心桥链的二聚体化合物可能出现新的性能,作为液晶材料具有较大的研究价值.合成了7个以半氟烃链作为桥链的对称酯类二聚体化合物H2n+1CnO-C6H4-COOCH2C6 F12CH2OOC-C6H4-OCnH2n+1(n=4,1a;6,1b;10,1c),H2n+1 CnO-C6H4-C6H4-COOCH2C6F12 CH2OOC-C6H4-C6H4-OCnH2n+1(n=4,2a;6,2b;12,2c)和C6F13CH2CH2COOCH2C6F12CH2OOCCH2CH2C6F13(3).差示扫描量热法(DSC)和偏光显微镜(POM)对其介晶性研究发现:化合物2a具有典型的焦锥扇形织构SA相,化合物2b出现塑晶相.分别比较结构相类似的化合物1a～1c,2a～2c的熔点,发现随着烷氧基链的增长,存在降低趋势.三段半氟烃链的对称酯类二聚体化合物3未观察到介晶性.     

大气中Cl原子与甲基乙烯基酮反应机理的理论研究

采用CCSD(T)/6-31+G(d,p)//BHHLYP/6-311++G(d,p)+0.9335×ZPE理论方法,构建了在O2/NO存在的情况下Cl原子与甲基乙烯基酮反应的势能面剖面图.该反应体系的势能面上存在多个可能的反应途径,包括直接氢抽提通道和加成-消除通道.计算结果表明:在初始反应通道中,最可行的反应途径是生成加合物CH3C(O)CHCH2Cl(IM1)和CH3C(O)CHClCH2(IM2).在大气条件下,新形成的加合物IM1和IM2可以进一步与O2/NO发生反应,生成最终的主要产物氯乙醛(CH2ClC(O)H)和甲醛(HC(O)H),这与实验中检测到的主要产物是一致的.     

4-氯代异喹啉类衍生物的合成与表征

在PdCl2／CuCl2／Cy2NH2Cl的催化体系中,邻炔基苄基叠氮可以顺利地发生亲电环化反应选择性合成3-取代-4-氯代异喹啉,产率38％-84％,其结构经1HNMR,13CNMR和GC-MS表征．该方法反应条件温和、操作简单,并且在产物骨架中引入卤原子,为新官能团的引入提供了途径．     

3-卤-2(5H)-呋喃酮的无Pd催化脱卤反应

在研究Pd催化的脱卤反应时,意外发现了3-卤-2(5H)-呋喃酮在无Pd催化的情况下也可以发生脱卤反应.在碱为12当量的Et3N、反应溶剂为CH3CN、反应温度150℃、反应时间21 h的优化条件下,产率可达到52%.当底物中存在芳环卤结构时,无钯催化的脱卤反应只脱去呋喃酮3-位上的卤素.这种反应的唯一性与钯催化脱卤反应的组合,可以为多官能团（特别是多卤情况下）非芳基卤底物的选择性脱卤提供更多的控制方法.通过重水实验等研究其反应机理,发现反应体系中的有机碱三乙胺可能是脱卤反应的氢源,但不能完全排除水作为氢源的可能性.     

Increased soil emissions of potent greenhouse gases under increased atmospheric CO2

Increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) can affect biotic and abiotic conditions in soil, such as microbial activity and water content. In turn, these changes might be expected to alter the production and consumption of the important greenhouse gases nitrous oxide (N(2)O) and methane (CH(4)) (refs 2, 3). However, studies on fluxes of N(2)O and CH(4) from soil under increased atmospheric CO(2) have not been quantitatively synthesized. Here we show, using meta-analysis, that increased CO(2) (ranging from 463 to 780 parts per million by volume) stimulates both N(2)O emissions from upland soils and CH(4) emissions from rice paddies and natural wetlands. Because enhanced greenhouse-gas emissions add to the radiative forcing of terrestrial ecosystems, these emissions are expected to negate at least 16.6 per cent of the climate change mitigation potential previously predicted from an increase in the terrestrial carbon sink under increased atmospheric CO(2) concentrations. Our results therefore suggest that the capacity of land ecosystems to slow climate warming has been overestimated.     

大气压化学电离质谱法分析润滑基础油的结构组成

利用大气压固体分析探针技术对两种合成航空润滑油的结构组成进行了分析表征,考察了两种润滑基础油中有机物的分子量分布范围及种类.结果显示:在合成航空润滑基础油中,检测到的化合物主要有烃类、酯类和含杂原子化合物(N,O和S).其中大气压化学电离源对烃类化合物的响应值较好,对酯类则相对较弱.检测到的含氮化合物的含量不高,但种类较多,有C6H16N,C6H10N3,C27H41N10,C6H13N6O3,C20H33N6O2,C21H35N6O2,C22H37N6O2和C24H41N6O3,含氮化合物特别是碱性含氮化合物对润滑基础油的热氧化安定性能影响较大.     

二烷基双二茂铁甲胺的合成

二丙基及二丁基双二茂铁甲醇与BF3在二氯甲烷中作用，形成相应的双二茂铁甲基碳正离子，无需从反应混合物中分离出来，该离子便可与胺RNH2（R＝C2H5,C3H7,C4H9-n)作用得到二烷基双二茂铁甲胺化合物，由元素分析、IR和^1HNMR确证了这些化合物的结构。     

Extreme deuterium enrichment in stratospheric hydrogen and the global atmospheric budget of H2

Molecular hydrogen (H2) is the second most abundant trace gas in the atmosphere after methane (CH4). In the troposphere, the D/H ratio of H2 is enriched by 120 per thousand relative to the world's oceans. This cannot be explained by the sources of H2 for which the D/H ratio has been measured to date (for example, fossil fuels and biomass burning). But the isotopic composition of H2 from its single largest source--the photochemical oxidation of methane--has yet to be determined. Here we show that the D/H ratio of stratospheric H2 develops enrichments greater than 440 per thousand, the most extreme D/H enrichment observed in a terrestrial material. We estimate the D/H ratio of H2 produced from CH4 in the stratosphere, where production is isolated from the influences of non-photochemical sources and sinks, showing that the chain of reactions producing H2 from CH4 concentrates D in the product H2. This enrichment, which we estimate is similar on a global average in the troposphere, contributes substantially to the D/H ratio of tropospheric H2.     

卤代烷类化合物紫外光解离过程的研究

探讨了在185，253．7，337.1nm的条件下，卤代烷类化合物CH3Br,CH2Br2,CF2ClBr,CF3Br,CF2HCl,CF3Cl的光解离机理，对CH3Br O2/O3,CH2Br2 O2/O3,CF2ClBr O2/O3,CF3Br O2/O3,CF2HCl O2/O3,CF3Cl O2/O3等体系的光化学反应过程及其产物进行了分析，重点讨论了含F卤代烷光氧化的共同产物CF2O的产生机理和它的稳定性，并探讨了控制卤代烷类化合物损耗臭氧层的途径。     

Riverine export of aged terrestrial organic matter to the North Atlantic Ocean

Global riverine discharge of organic matter represents a substantial source of terrestrial dissolved and particulate organic carbon to the oceans. This input from rivers is, by itself, more than large enough to account for the apparent steady-state replacement times of 4,00-6,000 yr for oceanic dissolved organic carbon. But paradoxically, terrestrial organic matter, derived from land plants, is not detected in seawater and sediments in quantities that correspond to its inputs. Here we present natural 14C and 13C data from four rivers that discharge to the western North Atlantic Ocean and find that these rivers are sources of old (14C-depleted) and young (14C-enriched) terrestrial dissolved organic carbon, and of predominantly old terrestrial particulate organic carbon. These findings contrast with limited earlier data that suggested terrestrial organic matter transported by rivers might be generally enriched in 14C from nuclear testing, and hence newly produced. We also find that much of the young dissolved organic carbon can be selectively degraded over the residence times of river and coastal waters, leaving an even older and more refractory component for oceanic export. Thus, pre-ageing and degradation may alter significantly the structure, distributions and quantities of terrestrial organic matter before its delivery to the oceans.     

吡啶硝酸盐与醇二元混合体系物化性能研究

采用MDY-2电子密度仪和德国DCAT21全自动表面张力仪,在298.15K下测定了离子液体N-丁基吡啶硝酸盐(N-butylpyridinium nitrate,[BuPy]NO3)与有机溶剂甲醇、乙醇、正丁醇在全浓度范围内(离子液体在有机溶剂中的摩尔分数为0～1)的密度和表面张力,计算了二元体系{[BuPy]NO3+CH3OH},{[BuPy]NO3+C2H5OH}和{[BuPy]NO3+C4H9OH}的超额摩尔体积VE和表面张力偏差δγ,分别利用Redlich-Kister方程对二元体系的超额摩尔体积VE和表面张力偏差δγ进行了拟合。结果表明:二元体系{[BuPy]NO3+CH3OH}和{[BuPy]NO3+C2H5OH}的超额摩尔体积VE在全摩尔组成范围内均为负值,而{[BuPy]NO3+C4H9OH}二元体系在低离子液体摩尔分数时为正值,随着离子液体摩尔分数的增大由正值变为负值。在全摩尔组成范围内,{[BuPy]NO3+CH3OH}的表面张力偏差δγ为正值,{[BuPy]NO3+C2H5OH}和{[BuPy]NO3+C4H9OH}的δγ为负值,随着醇碳链的增长,表面张力偏差出现由正到负的变化趋势。     

有机铁羰基酯类化合物的合成

用环戊二烯基二羰基合铁的钠盐与氯乙酸苄酯或ClCH2COO(CH2)nOCOCH2Cl在简便的条件下反应,合成了新的化合物(η5-C5 H5)Fe(CO)2CH2COOCH2C6H5和[(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2CH2COO]2(CH2)n(n=2, 3). 反应产物的结构经IR,1H NMR以及MS的分析证实.     

Synthesis,characterization of amine-bridged bis（phenolate） yttrium alkyl complex and its catalytic behavior for the Tishchenko reaction

Reaction of homoleptic yttrium tris-alkyl complex YR3 （R=CH2C6H4NMe2-o） with 1 equivalent of amine bis（phenol）s LH2 （L=Me2NCH2CH2N（CH2-（2-O-C6H2-Bu^t 2-3,5））2） afforded the solvent-free yttrium alkyl complex LYR （1）, which has been characterized with elemental analysis, 1H NMR and IR spectra, and structural determination. The coordination geometry around the center metal atom can be best described as a distorted octahedron. It was found that complex 1 can be used as an efficient catalyst for the Tishchenko reaction.     

Reduced methane growth rate explained by decreased Northern Hemisphere microbial sources

Atmospheric methane (CH(4)) increased through much of the twentieth century, but this trend gradually weakened until a stable state was temporarily reached around the turn of the millennium, after which levels increased once more. The reasons for the slowdown are incompletely understood, with past work identifying changes in fossil fuel, wetland and agricultural sources and hydroxyl (OH) sinks as important causal factors. Here we show that the late-twentieth-century changes in the CH(4) growth rates are best explained by reduced microbial sources in the Northern Hemisphere. Our results, based on synchronous time series of atmospheric CH(4) mixing and (13)C/(12)C ratios and a two-box atmospheric model, indicate that the evolution of the mixing ratio requires no significant change in Southern Hemisphere sources between 1984 and 2005. Observed changes in the interhemispheric difference of (13)C effectively exclude reduced fossil fuel emissions as the primary cause of the slowdown. The (13)C observations are consistent with long-term reductions in agricultural emissions or another microbial source within the Northern Hemisphere. Approximately half (51?±?18%) of the decrease in Northern Hemisphere CH(4) emissions can be explained by reduced emissions from rice agriculture in Asia over the past three decades associated with increases in fertilizer application and reductions in water use.