鄂尔多斯盆地长8层致密砂岩平板注水实验

为了探索致密砂岩油藏有效注水开发方式,采用鄂尔多斯盆地长8层露头岩心分别制作长宽高为40cm、40cm、5cm的平板模型6个,通过平板实验研究了周期注水、水平井同井异步注采、水平井异井异步注采对油水分布、压力分布、最终采出程度的影响。结果表明,周期注水平板初期注水流线向采出端均匀推进,形成扇形水驱前缘,在裂缝处形成窜流,注水半周期越长,裂缝水窜越明显,适当缩短注水半周期有利于提高采出程度。水平井同井异步注采实验由于裂缝间距小,注入水易水窜,剩余油呈块状富集在靠近采出端边角及平板中下部,水驱范围窄,最终采收率低。水平井异井异步注采实验注入水由注水缝向同井相邻的采油缝以及对面的采油缝同时流动,以相对缝间流动为主;水平井异井异步裂缝正对注采实验剩余油呈条状富集在靠近生产井边角处及平板中部,水平井异井异步裂缝错开注采实验剩余油呈折线状富集在靠近生采出端边角处及平板中部,二者水驱范围均较广,注采裂缝相互错开有效避免了过早水淹,提高了采出程度     

江桥稠油油田水平井蒸汽吞吐数值模拟研究

针对江55块浅薄层稠油油藏直井开采难度大,经济效益差的特点,利用油藏数值模拟技术进行了水平井蒸汽吞吐开发效果研究及注采参数优化设计。数值模拟结果表明,对水平井蒸汽吞吐效果而言,井网1和井网2的开发效果相差不多,可根据实际情况选用;井距越大,采出程度越低。井距增加4倍,采出程度下降10%。结合理论计算和数值模拟结果,优选125m为水平井蒸汽吞吐最佳井距。周期注汽量越大,加热范围越大,采出程度增加,但是油汽比降低。兼顾二者,优选周期注汽量3 600 m3。随着蒸汽干度和焖井时间的增大,采油量增加,蒸汽干度最少在0.4以上,焖井时间要控制在合理范围15 d左右。     

边水稠油油藏水驱后蒸汽吞吐方案设计

注水开发多年的具边水的普通稠油油藏的原油粘度高、流度比大 ,加之油藏非均质及边水入侵的影响 ,其注水开发效果较差。到含水高于 90 %时 ,仍有大部分原油未开采出来 ,因此 ,有必要转换开发方式 ,进一步提高采出程度。针对以上问题 ,应用黑油模型和热采模型 ,在对水驱阶段历史拟合和现代油藏工程评价的基础上 ,从筛选标准、吞吐试采产能及吞吐模拟等方面评价了注蒸汽热采的可行性 ,并用正交设计分析方法优选了吞吐注汽参数。结果表明 ,该类油藏由注水开发转为注蒸汽开采 ,可以有效地提高采出程度。这种设计方案为相似类型稠油油藏的开发提供了一套较为完善的借鉴方法。     

塔里木油田轮古井区注水替油参数优化研究

塔里木油田轮古井区奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏属于缝洞型油藏,油藏非均质性极强,很多单井由于钻遇封闭缝洞
体产量迅速递减。注水替油技术可以大幅度恢复停喷或低效油井的产能,是开发缝洞型油藏的有效新方法之一。注
水替油的注采参数是否合理对注水替油的开发效果至关重要。以塔里木油田轮古井区注水替油典型井的地质、流体
资料为基础,建立单井注水替油的地质模型,通过数值模拟的方法优化注水时机、周期注水量、注水速度、焖井时间、
开井工作制度等注采参数,并将注采参数无因次化或拟合公式,以消除注水前油井生产动态差异对优化参数造成的影
响,使优化参数更具实用性。     

碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏注水开发研究

碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏由于裂缝、溶洞的分布随机性强,其流动机理和开发方式与常规的碳酸盐岩裂缝性油藏存在很大差别,注水开发目前处于试注阶段,还没有形成相应的油藏注水开发理论体系。因此,建立适合碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏的注采关系及注水方式,优化碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏不同注水方式下的注采参数,是碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏注水开发理论与方法的关键基本问题。该研究以油藏工程学、流体动力学理论为基础,以室内物理模拟实验、数值模拟、矿场注水试验和大量动态资料统计分析为基本手段,充分考虑理论研究、室内实验研究与现场试验研究相结合,针对课题研究目标,选择具有代表性的缝洞单元模型进行重点研究,对油藏能量、注采关系、注水方式、注采参数、注水开发动态及开发效果评价方法进行深入研究,进而形成系统的缝洞型油藏注水开发技术政策及注水开发效果评价方法。2013年通过进一步开展室内物模和数值模拟研究,建立了缝洞型油藏室内三维注才井组实验模型,完善了缝洞型油藏单元注水方式,优化了缝洞型油藏单元注水的注采参数,进一步完善了不同类型岩溶缝洞储集提注水技术政策。该课题完成了年度研究计划内容和目标。     

枣35火成岩稠油油藏热采开发方式研究

论文以典型的火成岩裂缝性稠油油藏枣35断块为例,进行了枣35断块衰竭式开发、注水开发、蒸汽吞吐试验阶段的开发效果评价。枣35断块作为一个封闭性好的火成岩裂缝性稠油油藏,经过不同热采开发方式优选、前期蒸汽吞吐先导试验以及数值模拟研究,确定了枣35断块适合采用面积式组合蒸汽吞吐方式开采。通过合理井网井距的论证,优选出最佳热采方案。     

边水稠油油藏水驱后蒸汽吞吐方案设计

注水开发多年的具边水的普通稠油油藏的原油粘度高、流度比大,加之油藏非均质及边水入侵的影响,其注水开发效果较差。到含水高于９０％时,仍有大部分原油未开采出来,因此,有必要转换开发方式,进一步提高采出程度。针对以上问题,应用黑油模型物热采模型,在对我阶段历史拟合和现代油藏工程评价的基础上,从筛选 采产能及吞模拟等方面 注蒸汽热采的可行性,并用正交设计分析方法优了吞注汽参数。结果表明,该类油藏由注水开发     

超低渗透油藏压裂水平井注采缝网形式研究

为了延长压裂水平井的无水采油期、提高水平井单井产量和采出程度、降低水平井含水上升率,推导了直井 注水压裂水平井开采水驱前缘推进距离计算公式,采用油藏数值模拟和油藏工程分析方法,优化了直井水平井注采缝 网形式和水平段长度,研究了最优裂缝穿透比和最优排距。研究结果表明,五点法注采井网与七点法注采井网相比, 阶段采出程度高、含水上升慢;均匀布缝、哑铃型裂缝和纺锤型裂缝相比,纺锤型裂缝累产量高,采出程度大,在相同 采出程度下纺锤型裂缝含水率低,水驱前缘到达纺锤型裂缝的时间长,延长了其无水采油期;超低渗透油藏水平井水 平段越短阶段采出程度越高,水平段长度超过500 m 后随着长度增加投资回收期增大、净现金流量减小;纺锤型裂缝 五点法井网在最优裂缝穿透比为0.7 时的最优排距为300 m。     

块状潜山稠油油藏水平井合理产能确定方法

为了确定块状潜山裂缝性稠油油藏水平井底部注水水平采油井的合理产能,利用镜像反映原理和势函数叠加原理推导出水平井井网底部注水整体开发厚层裂缝性稠油油藏的产量公式;并结合油藏区块实际地质参数,针对注采井距、注采压差、采油井垂向位置等影响产量的主要因素进行了分析和优化。结果表明,利用水平井井网底部注水整体开发厚层裂缝性稠油油藏的合理注采井距为2倍油层厚度。为了油井能够获得较高的产能,注采井之间首先必须保持合理的井距形成有效的驱替。随着注采压差的增大,生产井产量呈现线性增加的趋势;但存在合理的注采压差。纵向上将采油井布置在油藏的顶部,可获得最大的单井产量。研究成果可为块状厚层潜山稠油油藏单井合理产能的确定提供理论依据,且方便实用。     

阿南油田阿11断块A上I油组周期注水动态参数优化

阿南油田构造复杂,非均质性较强,是典型的低渗透砂岩油田,稳定注水开发存在油产量低、采出程度低、稳产难度大三大矛盾,为了提高阿南油田低渗透砂岩油藏的动用程度,提高油田产油量,降低含水率,为下一步新区块投入开发及油田注水开发调整提供依据,以阿11断块的阿11-304井组(其开发层位是A上I油组)为研究对象,充分利用井组内及邻近区域内井的油藏精细描述静态资料和井组内注采井的动态资料,参考注采井的产吸剖面资料,在优化了该井组周期注水的方式的基础上,应用油藏数值模拟技术研究了周期注水的注水量、周期和时机对周期注水效果的影响,优化了阿南低渗透砂岩油藏的周期注水参数.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.