多倍体鱼研究的生物学意义及其广阔的应用前景

生物学上所称的多倍体主要指含有3套或3套以上染色体组数目的生物体。鱼类是脊椎动物中种类最多的种类,在自然界中存在不少其染色体呈现接近倍性关系的不同鱼种,另外一些     

泽蛙(Rana limnocharis Boie)的核型及核仁组织者区(NORs)的研究

从染色体和分子水平上研究生物的系统发生是当今细胞遗传学的主要倾向之一.染色体的进化已成为生物进化的一个重要方面.众所周知,两栖类在生物进化的历程中占有特殊地位,它介于水生脊椎动物和陆生脊椎动物之间,对研究及认识动物界的演化有非常重要的意义.再加之它的染色体大,且数目少,因此是从染色体及分子水平上研究物种进化的好材料。本文报道泽蛙(R.limnocharis Boie)的核型及核仁组织者区(NORs)的研究,便是试图从这方面做些初浅的尝试。     

棕色田鼠减数分裂及精细胞染色体数目的研究

以棕色田鼠精母细胞的研究对象，观察减数分裂各时期染色体特征性变化，特别对精细胞染色体构成及数目进行了研究，结果表明，Ｘ型和Ｙ型精细胞均显著了染色体数目的多态性（２ｎ＝２４，２５，２６）可以认为这是造成棕色田鼠体细胞染色体数目多态性的原因之一。     

棕色田鼠减数分裂及精细胞染色体数目的研究

以棕色田鼠精母细胞为研究对象，观察减数分裂各时期染色体特征性变化，特别对精细胞染色体构成及数目进行了研究．结果表明，ｘ型和ｙ型精细胞均显示了染色体数目的多态性（２ｎ＝２４，２５，２６），可以认为这是造成棕色田鼠体细胞染色体数目多态性的原因之一．     

家鸽与山斑鸠核型的比较研究

染色体的数目和形态具有种的特异性,动物染色体核型的比较研究,对于了解物种的特性,探讨物种的遗传,进化,系统发育以及分类地位都有一定的意义。关于鸟类核型的研究,国外已有不少报道,国内在这方面的工作开展较迟,迄今,作过核型分析的鸟类为数不多,是脊椎动物中研究得最少的一个类群。本文分析了中国家鸽(Columba dom-     

碱地风毛菊（Saussurea runcinata）的核型分析

对碱地风毛菊染色体数目及核型进行了研究。结果表明，其染色体数目为２ｎ＝２８；含有ｍ与ｓｍ两种不同类型的染色体。     

棕色田鼠第一对常染色体多态与染色体数目关系的研究

研究了棕色田鼠三种性别类型个体（ＸＹ，ＸＸ，ＸＯ）的第一对常染色体多态与染色体数目之间关系，发现第一对常染色体极不稳定，存在（１）Ｍ，Ｍ（一对中部着丝点染色体）；（２）Ｍ，Ｔ，Ｔ（一条中部着丝点染色体）；（３）Ｔ，Ｔ，Ｔ，Ｔ（无中部着丝点染色体）三种多态类型。性别类型相同个体的染色体数目随第一对常染色体类型的不同发生有规律地变化。认为罗伯逊断裂是引起棕色田鼠第一对常染色体多态及其染色体数目多态的主     

异源四倍体鲫鲤群体的形成及四倍体化在脊椎动物进化中的作用

对雌雄两性能育并形成群体的异源四倍体鲫鲤的染色体数目和组型,DNA含量,红细胞大小,生殖腺和配子,胚胎发育,形成机理,外形等方面进行了较全面描述。四倍体鲫鲤经过九代（F3-F11）的四倍体性的繁殖,已形成了一个数目庞大的遗传性状稳定的群体。该四倍体群体在染色体数目、生殖、外形特征等方面都与它们的原始父母本-二倍体湘江野鲤和红鲫有本质的差别。在遗传特性、稳定传代、生育隔离等方面,异源四倍体鲫鲤群体为形成一个新的四倍体新种奠定了基础。新的四倍体鱼群体的形成对脊椎动物的进化理论和它们在生产上的应用都具有重要的意义。     

航天诱变凤仙花院3突变株后代小孢子变化的研究

凤仙花种子经神舟4号飞船搭载后发现的院，突变株，从SP1代到SP3代小孢子的染色体数目和小孢子的大小进行了追踪研究，发现该突变株SP1代小孢子中的染色体数目变化大，从仅含1条染色体，到最多含28条染色体，小孢子之间的大小差异也大；SP2代小孢子中的染色体数目变化范围缩小，仅在4—9条之间；小孢子大小之间的差距也变小．在秋播条件下SP3代的变化趋势与SP2代基本一致，并对院，突变株后代小孢子内染色体数目及小孢子大小的变化趋势，原因进行了讨论．     

青海肋柱花属的染色体数目初报

本文对青海助柱花属３种５居群的染色体进行了计数，其中短药肋柱花的染色体数目为首次报道。所研究的各种各居群染色体基数均为８。结合以前该属染色体数目的报道，作者认为肋柱花属的染色体基数可能是８，而不是５。     

金雕染色体核型

本文利用骨髓染色体制片技术对金雕(Aquila Chrysaetos)染色体核型进行了研究。金雕染色体数为2n=70,核型公式为KF=ZMZM+34M/SM+24T+100。对全部染色体相对长度、臂比等进行了测定,绘制了染色体组型模式图。     

The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 13

Chromosome 13 is the largest acrocentric human chromosome. It carries genes involved in cancer including the breast cancer type 2 (BRCA2) and retinoblastoma (RB1) genes, is frequently rearranged in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, and contains the DAOA locus associated with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. We describe completion and analysis of 95.5 megabases (Mb) of sequence from chromosome 13, which contains 633 genes and 296 pseudogenes. We estimate that more than 95.4% of the protein-coding genes of this chromosome have been identified, on the basis of comparison with other vertebrate genome sequences. Additionally, 105 putative non-coding RNA genes were found. Chromosome 13 has one of the lowest gene densities (6.5 genes per Mb) among human chromosomes, and contains a central region of 38 Mb where the gene density drops to only 3.1 genes per Mb.     

Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution

We present here a draft genome sequence of the red jungle fowl, Gallus gallus. Because the chicken is a modern descendant of the dinosaurs and the first non-mammalian amniote to have its genome sequenced, the draft sequence of its genome--composed of approximately one billion base pairs of sequence and an estimated 20,000-23,000 genes--provides a new perspective on vertebrate genome evolution, while also improving the annotation of mammalian genomes. For example, the evolutionary distance between chicken and human provides high specificity in detecting functional elements, both non-coding and coding. Notably, many conserved non-coding sequences are far from genes and cannot be assigned to defined functional classes. In coding regions the evolutionary dynamics of protein domains and orthologous groups illustrate processes that distinguish the lineages leading to birds and mammals. The distinctive properties of avian microchromosomes, together with the inferred patterns of conserved synteny, provide additional insights into vertebrate chromosome architecture.     

The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 14

Chromosome 14 is one of five acrocentric chromosomes in the human genome. These chromosomes are characterized by a heterochromatic short arm that contains essentially ribosomal RNA genes, and a euchromatic long arm in which most, if not all, of the protein-coding genes are located. The finished sequence of human chromosome 14 comprises 87,410,661 base pairs, representing 100% of its euchromatic portion, in a single continuous segment covering the entire long arm with no gaps. Two loci of crucial importance for the immune system, as well as more than 60 disease genes, have been localized so far on chromosome 14. We identified 1,050 genes and gene fragments, and 393 pseudogenes. On the basis of comparisons with other vertebrate genomes, we estimate that more than 96% of the chromosome 14 genes have been annotated. From an analysis of the CpG island occurrences, we estimate that 70% of these annotated genes are complete at their 5' end.     

Genome duplication in the teleost fish Tetraodon nigroviridis reveals the early vertebrate proto-karyotype

Tetraodon nigroviridis is a freshwater puffer fish with the smallest known vertebrate genome. Here, we report a draft genome sequence with long-range linkage and substantial anchoring to the 21 Tetraodon chromosomes. Genome analysis provides a greatly improved fish gene catalogue, including identifying key genes previously thought to be absent in fish. Comparison with other vertebrates and a urochordate indicates that fish proteins have diverged markedly faster than their mammalian homologues. Comparison with the human genome suggests approximately 900 previously unannotated human genes. Analysis of the Tetraodon and human genomes shows that whole-genome duplication occurred in the teleost fish lineage, subsequent to its divergence from mammals. The analysis also makes it possible to infer the basic structure of the ancestral bony vertebrate genome, which was composed of 12 chromosomes, and to reconstruct much of the evolutionary history of ancient and recent chromosome rearrangements leading to the modern human karyotype.     

Evolutionary genetics. Clonal inheritance of avian mitochondrial DNA.

We have taken a new approach to test the commonly accepted, but recently questioned, principle of clonal inheritance of vertebrate mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) by relating its inheritance to a female-specific marker of nuclear DNA. Whereas this is impossible in organisms with male heterogamy (such as mammals), we show here that genealogies of mtDNA and the female-specific W chromosome of a bird species are completely concordant. Our results indicate that inheritance of mtDNA is free of detectable recombination effects over an evolutionary timescale.     

The genetic architecture of divergence between threespine stickleback species.

The genetic and molecular basis of morphological evolution is poorly understood, particularly in vertebrates. Genetic studies of the differences between naturally occurring vertebrate species have been limited by the expense and difficulty of raising large numbers of animals and the absence of molecular linkage maps for all but a handful of laboratory and domesticated animals. We have developed a genome-wide linkage map for the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), an extensively studied teleost fish that has undergone rapid divergence and speciation since the melting of glaciers 15,000 years ago. Here we use this map to analyse the genetic basis of recently evolved changes in skeletal armour and feeding morphologies seen in the benthic and limnetic stickleback species from Priest Lake, British Columbia. Substantial alterations in spine length, armour plate number, and gill raker number are controlled by genetic factors that map to independent chromosome regions. Further study of these regions will help to define the number and type of genetic changes that underlie morphological diversification during vertebrate evolution.     

铅锌对蒜根尖的毒害作用

用不同浓度（１００～４００ｍｇ／Ｌ）的铅锌溶液处理蒜小鳞茎,发现随着培养时间的延长和浓度的增加,毒害加重,外观表现为根尖生长受阻;内部表现为细胞有丝分裂指数下降而分裂细胞异常率增高。分裂细胞异常主要表现为染色体粘连,染色体桥,染色体解体,微核及核解体等,但锌对蒜根的毒害作用明显低于铅。     

植物染色体C─带技术的应用进展

本文讨论了近十多年来植物染色体Ｃ－带技术在核型分析、物种亲缘关系鉴定、染色体组进化研究、染色体畸变鉴别、远缘杂种细胞学鉴定、染色体行为研究、基因定位等方面的应用进展。