Cooler winters as a possible cause of mass extinctions at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary

The Eocene/Oligocene boundary, at about 33.7 Myr ago, marks one of the largest extinctions of marine invertebrates in the Cenozoic period. For example, turnover of mollusc species in the US Gulf coastal plain was over 90% at this time. A temperature change across this boundary--from warm Eocene climates to cooler conditions in the Oligocene--has been suggested as a cause of this extinction event, but climate reconstructions have not provided support for this hypothesis. Here we report stable oxygen isotope measurements of aragonite in fish otoliths--ear stones--collected across the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. Palaeo-temperatures reconstructed from mean otolith oxygen isotope values show little change through this interval, in agreement with previous studies. From incremental microsampling of otoliths, however, we can resolve the seasonal variation in temperature, recorded as the otoliths continue to accrete new material over the life of the fish. These seasonal data suggest that winters became about 4 degrees C colder across the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. We suggest that temperature variability, rather than change in mean annual temperature, helped to cause faunal turnover during this transition.     

Extracting the Cores of Implicit Communities

In this paper, we improve the trawling and point out some communities missed by trawling. We use the DBG （Dense Bipartite Graph） to identify a structure of a potential community instead of CBG （Complete Bipartite Graph）. Based on DBG, we proposed a new method based on edge removal to extract cores from a web graph. Moreover, we improve the crawler to save only potential pages as fans of a core and save a lot of disk storage space. To evaluate the set of cores whether or not belong to a community, the statistics of term frequency is used. In the paper, the dataset of experiment were crawled under domain ＂.cn＂. The result show that the our algorithm works properly and some new cores can be found by our method.     

以多药耐药基因为靶标的siRNA对耐药肿瘤细胞药物敏感性和凋亡的影响

目的:研究应用以多药耐药相关蛋白(MRP)基因为靶标的siRNA( small interference RNA) 抑制相应蛋白表达后,耐药肿瘤细胞药物敏感性和凋亡率的改变.方法:通过脂质体将以MRP基因为靶标的siRNA(100 μmol/L)转入柔红霉素(DNR)0.8、1.6、3.2、6.4、12.8 μg/mL处理的肺癌耐药细胞株SW1573/R20;阿霉素(ADM)1.6、3.2、6.4、12.8、25.6 μg/mL处理的白血病耐药细胞株K562/ADM;顺铂(DDP)0.125、0.25、0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0 μmol/mL处理的鼻咽癌耐药细胞株CNE2/DDP;以单纯化疗处理组和未处理组为对照.于转染后24、48、72h,用MTT法检测各组细胞生长抑制率,算出各细胞IC50.转染siRNA联合IC50剂量化疗处理6 h后流式细胞仪检测各细胞凋亡率和死亡率,24 h后RT-PCR检测相应基因mRNA表达水平,48 h后检测MRP蛋白表达率.结果:以MRP为靶标的siRNA 明显抑制各肿瘤细胞靶基因蛋白和mRNA的表达,与未处理组相比均有统计学差异(P＜005);转染以MRP为靶标的siRNA后,耐药肿瘤细胞对化疗药物敏感性明显增强,IC50明显降低,细胞凋亡率明显增加,与单纯化疗组相比有统计学差异(P＜005).结论:以MRP基因为靶标的siRNA,通过降低靶基因mRNA和蛋白表达,明显增加耐药肿瘤细胞药物敏感性和凋亡率.     

How many-particle interactions develop after ultrafast excitation of an electron-hole plasma.

Electrostatic coupling between particles is important in many microscopic phenomena found in nature. The interaction between two isolated point charges is described by the bare Coulomb potential, but in many-body systems this interaction is modified as a result of the collective response of the screening cloud surrounding each charge carrier. One such system involves ultrafast interactions between quasi-free electrons in semiconductors-which are central to high-speed and future quantum electronic devices. The femtosecond kinetics of nonequilibrium Coulomb systems has been calculated using static and dynamical screening models that assume the instantaneous formation of interparticle correlations. However, some quantum kinetic theories suggest that a regime of unscreened bare Coulomb collisions might exist on ultrashort timescales. Here we monitor directly the temporal evolution of the charge-charge interactions after ultrafast excitation of an electron-hole plasma in GaAs. We show that the onset of collective behaviour such as Coulomb screening and plasmon scattering exhibits a distinct time delay of the order of the inverse plasma frequency, that is, several 10(-14) seconds.     

三种渗碳结构钢经不同化学热处理后耐磨性的研究

研究了经渗碳、碳氮共渗、氮化处理后18Cr2Ni4WA、27SiMnMoV和25SiCrMoV钢的耐磨性.结果表明,经三种不同化学热处理后,25SiCrMoV钢的耐磨性最好,18Cr2Ni4WA钢的耐磨性最差.     

高强混凝土受火后抗渗透性能衰减规律

为了对高温后混凝土材料的残余耐久性进行评价,研究了高强混凝土高温后渗透性能的变化.采用氯离子渗透系数、湿迁移渗透系数与空气渗透系数研究了氯离子、水与空气3种不同介质在受高温后混凝土中的传输行为,以及温度、强度等级、骨料种类对HSC高温后渗透性能的影响.试验结果表明:3种渗透系数都能很好地反映高强混凝土高温后渗透性变化;混凝土的受火温度升高,渗透系数增加;受相同温度作用后,高强混凝土与普通混凝土相比具有较低的渗透系数,高强混凝土高温后抗渗性衰减程度大于普通混凝土;以石灰岩为粗骨料的高强混凝土抗渗透性能优于玄武岩为粗骨料的高强混凝土.结合混凝土高温后抗压强度与渗透性能的变化对高温后混凝土材料的残余耐久性做出恰当评价.     

智能小区中安防系统的研究和设计

文章分析了智能小区安防系统的组成及其数字化、网络化和智能化的特点,在此基础上提出了一个基于智能家居的智能小区安防系统的设计方案。以智能家居为基本单元构建智能小区,根据数据处理模型和网络结构,将智能小区安防系统自上而下划分为由监控管理层、安防设备层和传感器层组成的3层结构。通过这种层次结构,不仅减小了系统设计和实现的复杂度,同时给系统维护带来了极大的方便。     

加强学生社团建设,优化高校育人环境

随着高校体制改革的深化和学生素质教育的不断深入,学生社团的影响力在逐渐增大。学生社团的出现和繁荣说明,现代大学生正从计划经济体制下的"单位学生"向市场经济体制下的"社会学生"转变。高校学生社团的建设与发展具有重要意义,同时存在不少问题。对此进行分析和研究,则有利于其今后的发展。     

Mangroves enhance the biomass of coral reef fish communities in the Caribbean

Mangrove forests are one of the world's most threatened tropical ecosystems with global loss exceeding 35% (ref. 1). Juvenile coral reef fish often inhabit mangroves, but the importance of these nurseries to reef fish population dynamics has not been quantified. Indeed, mangroves might be expected to have negligible influence on reef fish communities: juvenile fish can inhabit alternative habitats and fish populations may be regulated by other limiting factors such as larval supply or fishing. Here we show that mangroves are unexpectedly important, serving as an intermediate nursery habitat that may increase the survivorship of young fish. Mangroves in the Caribbean strongly influence the community structure of fish on neighbouring coral reefs. In addition, the biomass of several commercially important species is more than doubled when adult habitat is connected to mangroves. The largest herbivorous fish in the Atlantic, Scarus guacamaia, has a functional dependency on mangroves and has suffered local extinction after mangrove removal. Current rates of mangrove deforestation are likely to have severe deleterious consequences for the ecosystem function, fisheries productivity and resilience of reefs. Conservation efforts should protect connected corridors of mangroves, seagrass beds and coral reefs.     

Electrostatic interactions in the assembly of haemoglobin

Haemoglobin is the prototype of an allosteric protein in which cooperative behaviour depends on interaction between unlike subunits. Here we present haematological and biochemical evidence that electrostatic interactions are an important determinant of haemoglobin assembly. Individuals heterozygous for positively charged beta-globin variants have a significantly lower proportion of abnormal haemoglobin than those with negatively charged variants. Moreover, these differences become more pronounced when alpha-thalassaemia is also present. Kinetic experiments using isolated chains indicate that the rate of assembly of the heterotetramer is influenced by alterations in surface charge. A simple electrostatic model is proposed in an attempt to explain these haematological and experimental findings.     

肾移植术后感染致病菌的整合子分类及耐药分析

目的:探讨肾移植患者病原菌的整合子基因分类与耐药的相关性,以期控制和预防院内感染,合理使用抗生素。方法:收集我院19例肾移植患者的19株细菌培养结果和药敏试验的资料,用多重PCR方法进行病原菌整合子的基因检测,并用K-B法与M IC法对其进行药敏分析。结果:①19株致病菌在体外药敏实验中都对抗生素产生严重的多重耐药。②产整合酶基因的菌株共12株,占63%;其中革兰阳性球菌3株,占25%;革兰阴性杆菌9株,占75%;其中2株为耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRSCON),4株为产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)的大肠杆菌,1株为产ESBL的肺炎克雷伯菌,其余为肠球菌1株、肠杆菌3株和洋葱伯克霍尔德菌1株。③产整合酶均为Ⅰ类整合酶,其中检测出耐药基因盒为1 009 bp的5株,1 664 bp 1株。结论:肾移植患者的病原菌都存在严重的多重耐药性并与整合酶基因有密切相关。对肾移植患者病原菌进行整合酶基因与药敏分析是控制和预防病区交叉感染、合理使用抗生素治疗多重耐药细菌,降低病死率的关键因素。     

不锈钢电阻对焊接头的抗点蚀性能研究

本文对瑞典产五种双相不锈钢和超级双相不锈钢钢筋电阻对焊接头的抗点蚀性能进行了研究。发现双相不锈钢电阻对焊接头的抗点蚀性能与对应母材相比有一定程度下降,下降范围在１０°Ｃ以内。超级双相不锈钢电阻对焊接头的抗点蚀性能几乎与母材的相同,高达６５～６８°Ｃ,且热影响区窄,晶粒长大倾向小,表现出极好的抗点蚀性和焊接性。文章对电阻对焊接头性能变化的原因从化学成分和显微组织方面进行了分析。     

木林子自然保护区河谷樱花群落特征分析

在野外调查的基础上,运用群落学研究方法,对湖北鹤峰县木林子自然保护区樱花群落进行了研究。结果表明:1在所调查的2 500 m2样地中,共有维管束植物213种,隶属于87科169属;种-多度格局及Raunkiaer频度结果分析显示,该群落物种分布不均匀且植被存在分化和演化的趋势,Raunkiaer频度定律表现为ABCDE。2群落植物区系属的分布类型可分为13种,以温带性质居多占54.86%,热带成分占42.36%,中国特有分布占2.78%,植物区系具有明显的过渡性。3群落垂直结构可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层;高度在3~7 m集中了乔木层的多数物种,说明整个群落的高度不高;此外,群落郁闭度不高,草本层有较多的阳性杂草。4重要值分析表明野生早樱、尾叶樱和盐肤木为该群落乔木层的优势种群,其重要值分别为12.657%、10.570%和9.577%;灌木层的优势树种为马银花、水马桑和阔叶箬竹,他们的重要值分别为7.890%、7.465%和6.805%。5立木级分析表明,野生早樱、尾叶樱、柳杉、华桑等为衰退种群,而短柄枹、构树、山胡椒等为增长种群。该地区的樱花群落是一种不稳定的森林群落,加大樱花资源的引种开发是保护该类植物的最佳手段。     

甲烷与水分子氢键相互作用的理论研究

使用Gaussioan94程序包，在B3LYP／6—311G**基组水平上，对甲烷(CH4)与水分子(H2O)之间的所有相互作用方式进行优化．通过电子布居分析，发现在电子给予体O原子和电子接受体H原子间存在氢键，氢键的键长约为0．2574nm．振动模式分析表明，只有一种加合物是稳定的，势能面也证实了这一点．     

Novel subunit-subunit interactions in the structure of glutamine synthetase

We present an atomic model for glutamine synthetase, an enzyme of central importance in bacterial nitrogen metabolism, from X-ray crystallography. The 12 identical subunits are arranged as the carbon atoms in two face-to-face benzene rings, with unusual subunit contacts. Our model, which places the active sites at the subunit interfaces, suggests a mechanism for the main functional role of glutamine synthetase: how the enzyme regulates the rate of synthesis of glutamine in response to covalent modification and feedback inhibition.     

Reciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune system

The emergence of the adaptive immune system in vertebrates set the stage for evolution of an advanced symbiotic relationship with the intestinal microbiota. The defining features of specificity and memory that characterize adaptive immunity have afforded vertebrates the mechanisms for efficiently tailoring immune responses to diverse types of microbes, whether to promote mutualism or host defence. These same attributes can put the host at risk of immune-mediated diseases that are increasingly linked to the intestinal microbiota. Understanding how the adaptive immune system copes with the remarkable number and diversity of microbes that colonize the digestive tract, and how the system integrates with more primitive innate immune mechanisms to maintain immune homeostasis, holds considerable promise for new approaches to modulate immune networks to treat and prevent disease.