利用微藻技术减排CO2的研究

利用诱变育种技术对用来固定CO2的微藻进行育种,获得耐受高CO2浓度、可高效固定CO2的斜生栅藻突变株WUST-04,其最适宜生长的CO2浓度由诱变前的5%提高到诱变后的15%.在5L的光生物反应器中初步研究了该微藻的固碳工艺.结果表明,在适宜的CO2浓度下,微藻的CO2固定效率提高了17.5%,最大CO2固定效率达1.846g/d·L.     

Recent Northern Hemisphere tropical expansion primarily driven by black carbon and tropospheric ozone

Observational analyses have shown the width of the tropical belt increasing in recent decades as the world has warmed. This expansion is important because it is associated with shifts in large-scale atmospheric circulation and major climate zones. Although recent studies have attributed tropical expansion in the Southern Hemisphere to ozone depletion, the drivers of Northern Hemisphere expansion are not well known and the expansion has not so far been reproduced by climate models. Here we use a climate model with detailed aerosol physics to show that increases in heterogeneous warming agents--including black carbon aerosols and tropospheric ozone--are noticeably better than greenhouse gases at driving expansion, and can account for the observed summertime maximum in tropical expansion. Mechanistically, atmospheric heating from black carbon and tropospheric ozone has occurred at the mid-latitudes, generating a poleward shift of the tropospheric jet, thereby relocating the main division between tropical and temperate air masses. Although we still underestimate tropical expansion, the true aerosol forcing is poorly known and could also be underestimated. Thus, although the insensitivity of models needs further investigation, black carbon and tropospheric ozone, both of which are strongly influenced by human activities, are the most likely causes of observed Northern Hemisphere tropical expansion.     

Export of dissolved organic carbon from peatlands under elevated carbon dioxide levels

Peatlands represent a vast store of global carbon. Observations of rapidly rising dissolved organic carbon concentrations in rivers draining peatlands have created concerns that those stores are beginning to destabilize. Three main factors have been put forward as potential causal mechanisms, but it appears that two alternatives--warming and increased river discharge--cannot offer satisfactory explanations. Here we show that the third proposed mechanism, namely shifting trends in the proportion of annual rainfall arriving in summer, is similarly unable to account for the trend. Instead we infer that a previously unrecognized mechanism--carbon dioxide mediated stimulation of primary productivity--is responsible. Under elevated carbon dioxide levels, the proportion of dissolved organic carbon derived from recently assimilated carbon dioxide was ten times higher than that of the control cases. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon appear far more sensitive to environmental drivers that affect net primary productivity than those affecting decomposition alone.     

Limited carbon storage in soil and litter of experimental forest plots under increased atmospheric CO2

The current rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration is thought to be mitigated in part by carbon sequestration within forest ecosystems, where carbon can be stored in vegetation or soils. The storage of carbon in soils is determined by the fraction that is sequestered in persistent organic materials, such as humus. In experimental forest plots of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) exposed to high CO2 concentrations, nearly half of the carbon uptake is allocated to short-lived tissues, largely foliage. These tissues fall to the ground and decompose, normally contributing only a small portion of their carbon content to refractory soil humic materials. Such findings call into question the role of soils as long-term carbon sinks, and show the need for a better understanding of carbon cycling in forest soils. Here we report a significant accumulation of carbon in the litter layer of experimental forest plots after three years of growth at increased CO2 concentrations (565 microl l(-1)). But fast turnover times of organic carbon in the litter layer (of about three years) appear to constrain the potential size of this carbon sink. Given the observation that carbon accumulation in the deeper mineral soil layers was absent, we suggest that significant, long-term net carbon sequestration in forest soils is unlikely.     

六种微藻固定CO2实验研究

为筛选具有较高固碳率的微藻,以6种淡水微藻为研究对象,利用SE培养基,在光照强度4 000 lux、温度25℃、光照周期12∶12的实验条件下,进行为期7d的微藻固碳实验。结果表明:CO2对微藻生长有较大的影响,阿氏颤藻(Oscillatoria agardhii)、水网藻(Hydrodictyon reticulatum)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)生长情况较好,但小颤藻(Oscillatoria tenuis)生长受抑制;6种微藻固碳率有显著差异,其中斜生栅藻的固碳率最高,达到了76.00%,斜生栅藻CO2固定速率和生物量分别为0.225 g/(L.d)和0.837 g/L。     

红假单胞菌Rhodopseudomonas rutila自养固定CO2特性研究

采用分批培养,初始气相CO2体积分数为10%,血色红假单胞菌Rhodopseudomonas rutila固定CO2的最佳培养条件是:NH4Cl 0.5 g*L-1, K2HPO4*3H2O 5 g*L-1, MgSO4*7H2O 0.2 g*L-1,生长因子10 mL*L-1 , 微量元素 10 mL* L-1 ,pH 8.5,转速100～150 r/min,不添加NaCl.在此条件下培养5 d,CO2固定率能够达到56%.培养24 h后,其固定CO2主要是通过卡尔文循环,该循环关键酶1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(Rubisco)的活性不断提高,在菌体生长到对数中期时达到最大.     

CO2与O3浓度升高对入侵植物牛膝菊叶片形态特征的影响

利用开顶式气室(OTC)研究了大气CO2与O3浓度升高对入侵植物牛膝菊(Gali-nsona parviflora)叶片形态特征的影响.结果表明,在高浓度CO2(700 μmol/mol)和高浓度O3(80 nmol/mol)处理条件下,牛膝菊的比叶面积、叶形指数、平均单叶叶面积、叶片长度、宽度和周长均有减少的趋势,其中比叶面积、平均单叶叶面积、叶片长度、周长减小差异非常显著(P≤0.01);比叶重均增加,差异非常显著(P≤0.01);叶片长与宽的比值在高浓度CO2处理下有增加的趋势,在高浓度O2处理下有减小的趋势,但差异均不显著;叶片长度与叶片宽度、周长、面积之间的异速生长类型符合y=aXk模型.牛膝菊叶片的气孔面积、周长、宽度和长度与对照相比,在高浓度CO2处理下,均有增加的趋势且差异显著(O.010.05)外,其余差异均非常显著(P≤O.01).CO2与O3浓度增加对牛膝菊气孔参数影响不大.在高浓度CO2,O3及对照处理条件下,气孔密度的变异系数比气孔指数的变异系数大.     

A lower limit for atmospheric carbon dioxide levels 3.2 billion years ago

The quantification of greenhouse gases present in the Archaean atmosphere is critical for understanding the evolution of atmospheric oxygen, surface temperatures and the conditions for life on early Earth. For instance, it has been argued that small changes in the balance between two potential greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide and methane, may have dictated the feedback cycle involving organic haze production and global cooling. Climate models have focused on carbon dioxide as the greenhouse gas responsible for maintaining above-freezing surface temperatures during a time of low solar luminosity. However, the analysis of 2.75-billion-year (Gyr)-old palaeosols--soil samples preserved in the geologic record--have recently provided an upper constraint on atmospheric carbon dioxide levels well below that required in most climate models to prevent the Earth's surface from freezing. This finding prompted many to look towards methane as an additional greenhouse gas to satisfy climate models. Here we use model equilibrium reactions for weathering rinds on 3.2-Gyr-old river gravels to show that the presence of iron-rich carbonate relative to common clay minerals requires a minimum partial pressure of carbon dioxide several times higher than present-day values. Unless actual carbon dioxide levels were considerably greater than this, climate models predict that additional greenhouse gases would still need to have a role in maintaining above-freezing surface temperatures.     

High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation

The possibility that the Earth suffered episodes of global glaciation as recently as the Neoproterozoic period, between about 900 and 543 million years ago, has been widely discussed. Termination of such 'hard snowball Earth' climate states has been proposed to proceed from accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Many salient aspects of the snowball scenario depend critically on the threshold of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations needed to trigger deglaciation. Here I present simulations with a general circulation model, using elevated carbon dioxide levels to estimate this deglaciation threshold. The model simulates several phenomena that are expected to be significant in a 'snowball Earth' scenario, but which have not been considered in previous studies with less sophisticated models, such as a reduction of vertical temperature gradients in winter, a reduction in summer tropopause height, the effect of snow cover and a reduction in cloud greenhouse effects. In my simulations, the system remains far short of deglaciation even at atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations of 550 times the present levels (0.2 bar of CO2). I find that at much higher carbon dioxide levels, deglaciation is unlikely unless unknown feedback cycles that are not captured in the model come into effect.     

Increased soil emissions of potent greenhouse gases under increased atmospheric CO2

Increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) can affect biotic and abiotic conditions in soil, such as microbial activity and water content. In turn, these changes might be expected to alter the production and consumption of the important greenhouse gases nitrous oxide (N(2)O) and methane (CH(4)) (refs 2, 3). However, studies on fluxes of N(2)O and CH(4) from soil under increased atmospheric CO(2) have not been quantitatively synthesized. Here we show, using meta-analysis, that increased CO(2) (ranging from 463 to 780 parts per million by volume) stimulates both N(2)O emissions from upland soils and CH(4) emissions from rice paddies and natural wetlands. Because enhanced greenhouse-gas emissions add to the radiative forcing of terrestrial ecosystems, these emissions are expected to negate at least 16.6 per cent of the climate change mitigation potential previously predicted from an increase in the terrestrial carbon sink under increased atmospheric CO(2) concentrations. Our results therefore suggest that the capacity of land ecosystems to slow climate warming has been overestimated.     

以CO2为原料制备非异氰酸酯聚氨酯的研究进展

综述了以温室气体CO2为原料合成非异氰酸酯聚氨酯(NIPU)的反应原理及现阶段研究进展,讨论了用一步法和二步法CO2制备环碳酸酯及其聚合物,并且概述了胺类预聚物的种类及研究成果.最后介绍了此类新型材料的合成新进展及应用领域,随着人们对环保型材料意识不断增强和对NIPU生产工艺研发的不断成熟,NIPU必将成为聚氨酯工业的新亮点.     

布洛芬在超临界CO2中的溶解度测定

用动态法测定了布洛芬在SC－CO2的溶解度。结果表明,布洛芬在SC－CO2中的溶解度较大,其溶解度摩尔分率为10^-3-10^-2,而且随着温度的升高其溶解度降低,随着压力的升高其溶解度增大。     

臭氧化-活性炭吸附镉的条件

为改善活性炭对镉的吸附性，将臭氧化技术引入吸附过程，研究活性炭投加量、臭氧活化时间以及溶液质量浓度变化对活性炭吸附镉离子能力的影响。结果表明，对于初始镉离子质量浓度为10mg/L的吸附溶液，最佳臭氧化时间为15min、最佳吸附时间为1h、活性炭的最佳投加量为1．0g时，吸附后镉离子的质量浓度为0．54mg／L；对于镉离子初始质量浓度为15mg/L的吸附溶液，最佳臭氧化时间为30min、最佳吸附时间为1h、活性炭的最佳投加量为1．1g时，吸附后镉离子的质量浓度为0．56mg／L。实验证明，经臭氧活化后的活性炭的吸附能力明显增强，极大的改变了吸附结果。     

变压吸附法脱碳用活性炭性能的实验研究

对一种煤质活性炭吸附脱附含氮混合气中CO2的性能进行了研究,测定了活性炭对CO2的平衡吸附量,实验对比了不同稀释气体下CO2的动态吸附容量,对含氮混合气中影响CO2吸附选择性的因素进行了实验分析。考察了脱附条件对活性炭CO2吸附容量的影响。结果表明,该活性炭吸附CO2容量大,对CO2的吸附选择性也比较高,是性能优良的变压吸附脱碳用吸附剂。     

自然通风条件下室内CO2扩散浓度变化的数值模拟

探究室内危险性气体泄漏后的扩散特性及危害区域的影响,采用CFD软件FLUENT对室内自然通风条件下CO2连续泄漏扩散浓度的变化过程进行了数值模拟,研究CO2扩散过程的浓度场分布和危害区域变化规律,并比较CO2连续泄漏的风洞实验结果与数值模拟结果。结果表明:CO2在重力的作用下,泄漏后向空间的下方扩散,形成气体积聚,浓度逐渐延长,梯度变化较大,出现分层现象,并形成危害区域。随着时间的延长,室内各点的浓度增加,危害区域逐渐变大,并向上方移动;实验数据和模拟结果吻合较好,证明FLUENT可以较准确地模拟室内CO2的扩散过程。     

注液态CO_2采油井筒热力分析

目前CO2已经被用作有效的驱油剂,CO2到达井底时的热力状态对驱油效果有较大影响.针对影响井底CO2压力和温度的因素,根据液态CO2在竖直井筒中的热量传递原理和流体流动理论,在Ramey建立的物理模型基础上,建立了液态CO2井筒流动与传热数学模型,通过求解实例,得到井筒内液态CO2温度和压力的分布规律以及各因素对井底CO2参数的影响.结果表明:井筒内CO2的温度和压力随井深的增加而近似成线性增加;当注入速率增大时,气液分界面加深;井底温度随入口流量的增加而降低,而受入口温度的影响较小;井底压力随井口注入压力的增加而成比例增加,随着流量的增加呈先增后减的趋势;环空介质采用清水比空气的导热效果好.     

不锈钢冶炼粉尘中锌还原的研究

直接还原回收有价金属处理不锈钢冶炼粉尘过程中,锌在冶炼系统中不断循环积聚,可从收尘系统中分离出高含锌粉尘,然后采用CO在等离子炉中选择性还原回收锌.作者研究了反应温度、粉尘给料速度、粉尘给料量与还原剂CO量比等对锌还原挥发率的影响,建立了还原过程的数学模型.研究结果表明还原温度对粉尘中锌的还原影响很大,升高温度有利于锌的还原,但当温度超过1 228.2 ℃时,进一步升高温度不会明显提高锌的还原率,高的锌还原率的获得还应通过降低给料速度和控制给料比来实现;在1 400 ℃,给料速度为50 g/min,给料比为4.5∶1时,锌还原率可达99.98%;ZnFe2O4在高温下可分解,在还原过程进行前将粉尘中ZnFe2O4分解可显著提高锌的还原挥发率.     

布洛芬在超临界CO_2中的溶解度测定

用动态法测定了布洛芬在SC CO2 的溶解度 .结果表明 ,布洛芬在SC CO2 中的溶解度较大 ,其溶解度摩尔分率为 10 -3 ～ 10 -2 ,而且随着温度的升高其溶解度降低 ,随着压力的升高其溶解度增大