不同耕作与培肥对小麦氮吸收效率、根效率及产量的影响

为了解不同耕作与培肥措施对小麦氮素吸收效率、根效率及产量的影响,在前5年定位试验基础上,以百农207为试验材料,采用二因素区组设计,设置深耕(DTF_0)、浅耕(STF_0)、免耕(NTF_0)、深耕有机肥(DTF_1)、浅耕有机肥(STF_1)和免耕有机肥(NTF_1)等6个处理.结果表明,0~20cm土层,浅耕有机肥处理下,全氮含量高于其他处理;40~60cm土层,免耕有机肥处理下,全氮含量显著高于其他处理(P0.05),浅耕有机肥处理下叶片和穗部氮素积累量及植株氮素吸收效率均显著高于其他处理(P0.05);与其他处理相比,深耕有机肥处理下旗叶净光合速率和根效率最高,根系呼吸速率最低.浅耕有机肥处理下小麦产量最高.     

川西北高寒草甸生长季土壤氮素动态

研究了川西北高寒草甸生长季土壤氮素变化特征,结果表明:研究区0～40 cm土层在整个生长期内,有机质含量均高于60 g.kg-1,全氮含量高于2.83 g.kg-1,养分含量丰富.浅丘山地草甸土壤氮素随季节变化呈现增加的趋势,植被覆盖变化(浅丘山地灌丛)或退化程度增加(丘前阶地草甸)使得土壤氮素随季节呈现出先减少后缓慢增加的变化,但影响主要表现在0～30 cm土层中,并且越往表层,差异越大.川西北高寒草甸土壤C/N值偏小(<25),利于氮的矿化养分释放.由于研究样地中灌丛的出现,虽然没有引起明显的"沃岛"现象,但加大土壤养分空间异质性的趋势.     

降水变化对樟子松人工林土壤无机氮和净氮矿化速率的影响

在北京大学地球环境与生态系统塞罕坝实验站的樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica)人工林内, 采用野外降水控制实验和顶盖埋管法, 在生长季内分0~5, 5~10, 10~20和20~30 cm 4层, 研究穿透雨增加或减少30%对土壤无机氮(铵态氮与硝态氮之和)及净氮矿化速率的影响。结果表明, 樟子松人工林地下0~30 cm无机氮含量为6.70±2.31 mg/kg, 其中铵态氮5.59± 1.78 mg/kg, 硝态氮1.11±0.77 mg/kg。不同土壤深度的无机氮含量无显著差异, 3种穿透雨处理间的土壤铵态氮和无机氮含量无显著差异, 增雨处理的硝态氮含量显著低于对照。0~30 cm的土壤净氮矿化速率为?0.24 (?6.65~10.24) mg/(kg?30d)。穿透雨处理和土壤深度对净氨化速率无显著影响, 0~5 cm的净硝化速率和净氮矿化速率显著高于其余3层, 增雨和减雨处理的净硝化速率和净氮矿化速率显著高于对照。研究结果说明降水变化对土壤铵态氮及氨化作用的影响弱于对硝态氮及硝化作用的影响, 这有助于更准确地评估降水变化对人工林生态系统服务功能和氮素生物地球化学循环过程的影响。     

包膜尿素与普通尿素配施对冬小麦产量及土壤氮素的影响

通过田间小区试验研究包膜尿素与普通尿素掺混后一次基施对冬小麦产量和氮素吸收利用的影响,为冬小麦简化高效施肥提供技术支撑.试验设不施氮(CK)、尿素一次基施(U1)、尿素减氮30%一次基施(70%U1)、尿素分次追施(U2)、70%包膜尿素与30%普通尿素掺混后一次基施(CRU)和70%包膜尿素与30%普通尿素掺混后减氮30%一次基施(70%CRU)6个处理.结果表明:施用氮肥增加了冬小麦生物量和产量,包膜尿素配施普通尿素处理(CRU和70%CRU)较等施氮量尿素处理(U1和70%U1)产量平均显著增加7.91%,氮素利用率提高7.90%,净收益显著提高12.33%;CRU与U2处理产量差异不显著,但显著高于U1处理;70%CRU与U1处理产量差异不显著,但氮素利用率显著增加了30.4%.等氮量的包膜尿素较普通尿素一次基施处理显著提高了返青期及灌浆期土壤硝态氮含量,且CRU与U2处理硝态氮含量无显著差异.上述结果表明,包膜尿素普通尿素掺混后一次基施可满足小麦生育后期对氮素的需求,在保障产量的前提下减少了追肥次数和氮肥用量.     

间伐对长江滩地杨树人工林土壤有效氮素的影响

以南京长江滩地6年生杨树人工林为研究对象,设计了5种间伐处理(对照、30％、40％、50％强度的下层伐和50％强度的机械伐),分析了不同间伐处理对杨树人工林土壤无机氮、土壤水溶性有机氮(DON)和土壤微生物量氮(SMBN)含量的影响以及这三者之间的关系.结果表明:不同间伐处理对土壤无机氮素含量、土壤微生物量氮和土壤水溶性有机氮含量均有显著影响,且50％强度的下层伐和机械伐处理下三者的含量较高,其含量随季节的动态变化均呈先上升后下降的动态变化;不同间伐处理下的3个层次中土壤有效氮素含量均表现出明显的表聚性,0～5 cm土层的有效氮素含量明显较高;土壤有效氮素之间的相关性不显著,仅SMBN与DON、土壤硝态氮呈正相关关系.     

退化草原土壤有机质对氮素添加梯度的响应

选取内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原区两种不同退化程度草原群落(轻度和重度退化草原群落),设置氮素添加梯度实验(分别添加NH₄NO₃ 0, 30, 50, 80 g·m^-2),分析退化草原土壤有机质含量对氮素添加的响应,意图找出氮肥作用于不同退化程度草原时的最适值。结果表明,不同退化程度的草原对于氮素添加的响应不同:对于轻度退化草原,氮素添加对土壤有机质的影响主要集中在0~20 cm土层,30 g·m^-2处理时土壤有机质显著高于其他3个氮素水平,氮素的添加显著提高土壤有机质含量,说明氮素是轻度退化草原主要的限制因子;对于重度退化草原,当施氮量为30 g·m^-2时,0～10 cm层土壤有机质含量相对较高,但没有达到统计学上的显著差异。土壤有机质在氮素添加梯度下各层变化不显著,说明氮素不是重度退化草原的主要限制因子。     

氯甲基吡啶与NBPT配比对石灰性土壤氮素转化的影响

为了筛选适宜的脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂组合,本试验通过在室内模拟培养条件下,研究不同浓度的NBPT与Nitrapyrin配比对石灰性土壤氮素转化的影响。结果表明:尿素施入土壤1 d后80%已迅速水解,在5 d后已完全水解。在1-14 d不同浓度的NBPT均可显著抑制尿素水解(P0.05),且10%o NBPT可高效作用14 d,其脲酶抑制率为51%。添加抑制剂延缓了铵态氮的转化过程,各施肥处理土壤NH_4~+-N含量分别在第7、14、21天达到峰值,而各抑制剂处理NO_3~--N含量呈线性缓慢上升趋势。添加抑制剂各处理均降低了土壤氮素损失,相比单施尿素处理分别降低14%、22%、26%、28%(P0.05)。NBPT 5‰+Nitrapyrin可有效抑制尿素水解,减缓氮素转化过程,减少石灰性土壤氮素损失。     

苏北沿海不同土地利用方式冬季土壤氮矿化速率比较

土壤氮矿化速率常被作为生态系统中氮有效性和氮损失的指标。不同的土地利用方式可能影响土壤氮素的矿化、运输和植物的吸收与利用,因而造成土壤氮素循环过程的差异。该研究以苏北沿海地区杨树纯林、杨农复合、草地和农田等4种不同土地利用模式为研究对象,采用原位封顶法测定了土壤矿质氮含量的变化,分析了不同土地利用方式土壤氮净矿化速率的特征,以及土壤矿质氮与土壤微生物量氮(SMBN)、土壤水溶性有机氮(WSON)与土壤主要理化性质的相关关系。结果表明:不同土地利用方式土壤净矿化速率从大到小表现为杨树纯林>杨农复合>农田>草地; 土壤铵态氮(NH⁺₄-N)与N矿化速率、SMBN、全氮有显著的正相关(p<0.05); 土壤硝态氮(NO^-₃-N)与SMBN、WSON、有机碳有极显著的正相关(p<0.01); NH₄⁺-N、矿质总氮(TMN)与土壤C/N有极显著的负相关(p<0.01)。土壤矿质氮含量随土层的加深而显著减少; 在>10～25 cm土层,杨树纯林与杨农复合之间的土壤矿质氮含量差异显著(p<0.05)。研究结果表明土地利用方式的改变将影响土壤氮净矿化速率,森林转变为农田或农林复合结构后,氮在土壤中的储量和循环速率显著降低。     

冀东地区褐土土壤有机质平衡与调控研究

研究了冀东地区主要高产土壤———褐土的有机质适宜范围、土壤有机质矿化率、9种有机肥 (物 )料的腐殖化系数及主要栽培作物的根茬残留率。结果表明 ,冀东地区小麦、玉米合计产量 1 35 0 0～ 1 5 0 0 0kg/hm2 的高产农田有机质适宜范围 1 2～ 2 0g·kg-1,有机质矿化率 2 5 8%～ 3 92 % ,9种有机肥 (物 )料腐殖化系数1 4 1 5 %～ 6 0 83% ,小麦、玉米根茬残留率 1 7 8%～ 2 5 2 % ,据此确定了保持土壤有机质平衡及逐步提高土壤有机质含量所需有机肥 (物 )料用量 ,实现了该区土壤有机质的定量调控     

苏北杨树人工林连栽林地土壤氮素矿质化原位研究

采用土柱离子交换包法,研究了苏北地区不同连栽代次杨树人工林土壤氮矿化的状况及耕作措施对二代杨树林土壤氮矿化的影响。结果表明：不同代次的杨树人工林土壤氨化速率的季节变化较为一致,二代林土壤的氨化速率和一代林相比,并未出现明显的降低,有的月份(4、7月)甚至高于一代林。二代林的硝化速率和净氮矿化速率明显低于一代林,尤其是在3、4、5月份。耕作措施虽然增加了二代林土壤氮素年氨化量、硝化量和矿化量,但由于也相应地增加了年淋溶量(约占年矿化量的49.15%),因此土壤中的无机氮含量反而低于免耕处理。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that