上海九段沙国家级湿地自然保护区昆虫多样性及其影响因素研究

在九段沙不同沙体和不同等级潮沟梯度下的5种主要植物群落中,在科和目层次上开展了昆虫多样性及其影响因素研究.调查区域共采集昆虫35444头,隶属于13目64科,按所含种数多少,主要的科有杆蝇科（42）、姬小蜂科（29）、金小蜂科（24）、茧蜂科（22）、姬蜂科（15）和缘腹细蜂科（12）;主要的目有膜翅目（137）、双翅目（85）、鞘翅目（32）和半翅目（10）.分析表明：（1）夏季昆虫的物种种数明显高于其他3个季节;（2）在上沙芦苇群落（夏季）,低潮滩的昆虫个体数最多,其次是高潮滩,中潮滩的最小.低潮滩中杆长蝽科、秆蝇科、瓢虫科和蚁形甲科的个体数极明显地多于中潮滩和高潮滩;随着由低潮滩向高潮滩高程的变化,杆长蝽科和飞虱科的昆虫个体数由少变多趋势明显.中潮滩与低潮滩相比,与高潮滩的昆虫组成更相似;（3）在中沙（夏季）,与芦苇群落相比,互花米草群落中昆虫个体数多,出现科数也多,互花米草群落中主要是啮虫目的种类和杆蝇科,两者占了互花米草群落昆虫总个体数的86.83%,而在芦苇群落中,以杆蝇科、蚁形甲科、瓢虫科3科为主,占芦苇群落昆虫总个体数的79%;在江亚南沙,藨草（海三棱藨草）群落中的昆虫主要是管蓟马科、叶蝉科、杆蝇科、茧蜂科和摇蚊科等5个科的昆虫,个体总数占了该类群落昆虫总个体数的96.82%,而菰群落中同样的5个科的昆虫个体数仅占菰群落昆虫总个体数的31.53%;（4）多样性指数以中生化群落最高,其次为芦苇和互花米草群落,最小为菰群落,物种丰富度则芦苇群落最高,其次为互花米草和中生化,最小为菰群落;（5）排序分析表明,植物群落中昆虫科的组成相似性反映了植物群落的演替方向,即菰群落、藨草/海三棱藨草群落的昆虫组成较相似,其次是互花米草与芦苇群落的,与中生化群落类型中的差异最大.     

钦州港红树林昆虫群落及其多样性初步研究

对钦州港红树林昆虫群落及其多样性进行了初步研究，结果；钦州港红树林昆虫种类较少，有２０种；优势种为黑褐圆盾蚧、白囊蓑蛾和海滨伊蚊；在秋季，卷蛾科的Ｌｏｓｉｏｇｎａｔｈａｓｐ．发生猖獗，造成大面积桐花树受害；昆虫群落的多样性和均匀性在各季节均较低，这与现钦州港红树林生态地理环境遭受严重破坏密切相关．     

金沙江干热河谷人工林地表昆虫群落

为弄清金沙江干热河谷不同人工林地表昆虫多样性及其在恢复中的指示作用,采用陷阱法调查了元谋县境内7种人工林的地表昆虫群落.① 物种组成:金沙江干热河谷人工林旱季地表昆虫有5目7科24种2 162头,其中膜翅目昆虫最丰富,占所有地表昆虫个体数的98.4%和物种数的75.0%;雨季地表昆虫有12目49科98种2 744头,其中膜翅目个体数最多,鞘翅目种类最多.金沙江干热河谷人工林旱季地表昆虫群落组成和雨季截然不同,雨季地表昆虫群落物种组成比旱季复杂,植被性质相同或接近的样带具有相似的地表昆虫组成.② 多度和多样性:大多数人工林旱季地表昆虫群落多度和多样性低于雨季,旱季印楝林地表昆虫多度最高,显著高于桉树林、膏桐-新银合欢林和印楝-合欢林;雨季印楝林和印楝-大叶相思林地表昆虫多度最高,显著高于桉树林,印楝-大叶相思林物种丰富度S值最高,显著高于膏桐-新银合欢林.③ 地表昆虫多样性与植物多样性间的相关性:人工林旱季地表昆虫群落的多样性与植物群落的多样性密切相关.研究表明:除膏桐-新银合欢林生物多样性较低、恢复状况较差外,其它人工林生物多样性相对较高、恢复状况较好;这些人工林彼此间具有不太相似的地表昆虫物种组成,在当地生物多样性保护中具有积极意义.金沙江干热河谷人工林旱季地表昆虫多样性与植物多样性密切相关,能够指示植物群落的多样性水平.     

山西花椒昆虫群落结构及区划研究

对山西省花椒昆虫群落的结构和区系进行了研究，共调查了168种昆虫，其中害虫115种，占68％，分属于8目47科．重要的种类是天牛Cerambyeidae，蚜虫Aphididae，蚧壳虫Coccoidae和花椒桔啮跳甲Podugricomela shirahatai等主要害虫，天敌昆虫53种，占32％，分属于7目17科，其数量较多，能对害虫起控制作用的种类是瓢虫Coccinellidae，食蚜蝇Syrphidae，草蛉Chrysopidae和螳螂Mantidae，根据害虫为害部位和为害方式的不同，分为枝杆、花器芽叶及幼果、吸汁性、腐生性和地下害虫5个类群．依照山西省农业区划资料．将全省划分为滹沱河岩岸、太行山中段、晋南阶台地、吕梁晋中4个花椒栽培区．此外，还分析了各生态区的主要栽培品种和主要害虫与天敌昆虫群落的结构。     

河北小五台山鳞翅目昆虫区系组成分析

通过对河北省小五台山鳞翅目昆虫的调查统计,整理出39科516属871种.其中优势科有夜蛾科Noctuidae,尺蛾科Geometridae,草螟科Crambidae,卷蛾科Tortricidae等;在世界动物地理区划中,小五台山鳞翅目昆虫为典型的古北界分布型,古北界成分共计223种,占总数的26.17%;古北界和东洋界共有成分共计544种,占总数的63.85%,其他区系成分所占比例仅为9.96%,说明其与东洋界的联系紧密,两界鳞翅目昆虫相互渗透,而与其他几界关系远.在中国动物地理区划中,小五台山鳞翅目昆虫分布广泛,与东北区关系紧密,复计种数为71.24%,与西藏区关系较远.     

校园不同生境昆虫物种多样性比较

为了探讨不同生境中昆虫物种多样性的差异,对井冈山大学校园内3种生境（A区：灌木．杂草混生区、B区：乔木区、C区：杂草三种生境）的昆虫进行了系统调查,共捕获昆虫567头,隶属于9目76种,其中鳞翅目、直翅目、同翅目为校园内的优势类群。不同生境中,A区（灌木．杂草混生区）昆虫多样性最高,c区最低（杂草区）。A、B、C三区的昆虫多样性指数日’分别为2．00,1．99和1．94,丰富度指数￡k分别为12．75,9．09和4．51。区域A与区域B昆虫相似性最高。结果表明,不同生境的昆虫群落相似性与植被类型有关。人类活动通过影响昆虫生境,进而影响昆虫群落的组成和分布格局。     

Phylogenetic relationships of host insects of Cordyceps sinensis inferred from mitochondrial Cytochrome b sequences

This study used the sequence of the mitochondrial Cytochrome b(Cytb)to estimate phylogenetic relationships among host Hepialidae insects of Cordyceps sinensis.Genome DNA of host insect was extracted from the dead larva head part of 18 cordyceps populations and 2 species of Hepialus,and the Cytb fragment of host insect was amplified with PCR technique.The nucleotide sequence alignments and their homologous sequences of 24 species host Hepialidae insects of Cordyceps sinensis were obtained from GenBank and were used to construct phylogenetic trees based on neighbor-joining method.The results showed that genus Bipectilus diverged earlier than genus Hepialus and Hepialiscus.Hepialus host insects of Cordyceps sinensis have multitudinous species with different morphological characteristics and geographical distributions.The interspecific genetic differentiations are obvious in Hepialus.Thus,the genus Hepialus might be considered as polyphyletic origin.Cytb sequences have abundant variations among the host insects of Cordyceps sinensis on spe- cific and generic level.The divergence rate of Cytb sequences among the species in Hepialus ranged from 0.23% to 9.24%,except that Hepialus pratensis and Hepialus jinshaensis have the same sequence.Cytb sequence can be used for species identification of host insects of Cordyceps sinensis,but further confirmation in more host insect species is needed.To obtain the Cytb sequence of host insect by ampli- fying DNA extracted from the head part of dead larva in cordyceps turns out to be an effective and accurate approach,which will be useful for studies on phylogeny and genetic structure of host insects of cordyceps populations,especially for analyzing relationships between C. sinensis and its host insects.     

Phylogenetic relationships of host insects of Cordyceps sinensis inferred from mitochondrial Cytochrome b sequences

This study used the sequence of the mitochondrial Cytochrome b (Cytb) to estimate phylogenetic relationships among host Hepialidae insects of Cordyceps sinensis. Genome DNA of host insect was extracted from the dead larva head part of 18 cordyceps populations and 2 species of Hepialus, and the Cytb fragment of host insect was amplified with PCR technique. The nucleotide sequence alignments and their homologous sequences of 24 species host Hepialidae insects of Cordyceps sinensis were obtained from GenBank and were used to construct phylogenetic trees based on neighbor-joining method. The results showed that genus Bipectilus diverged earlier than genus Hepialus and Hepialiscus. Hepialus host insects of Cordyceps sinensis have multitudinous species with different morphological characteristics and geographical distributions. The interspecific genetic differentiations are obvious in Hepialus. Thus, the genus Hepialus might be considered as polyphyletic origin. Cytb sequences have abundant variations among the host insects of Cordyceps sinensis on specific and generic level. The divergence rate of Cytb sequences among the species in Hepialus ranged from 0.23% to 9.24%, except that Hepialus pratensis and Hepialus jinshaensis have the same sequence. Cytb sequence can be used for species identification of host insects of Cordyceps sinensis, but further confirmation in more host insect species is needed. To obtain the Cytb sequence of host insect by amplifying DNA extracted from the head part of dead larva in cordyceps turns out to be an effective and accurate approach, which will be useful for studies on phylogeny and genetic structure of host insects of cordyceps populations, especially for analyzing relationships between C. sinensis and its host insects.     

哈尔滨高粱田高粱蚜捕食性天敌昆虫群落结构研究

为明确高粱田中高粱蚜[Melanaphis sacchari(Zehntner)]捕食性天敌昆虫的群落结构,对高粱蚜捕食性天敌昆虫的种类及数量进行了调查.结果发现:哈尔滨高粱蚜捕食性天敌昆虫共11种,隶属4目5科,主要优势种为龟纹瓢虫(Propylea japonica)、异色瓢虫(Harmonia axyridis)、中华草蛉(Chrysopa sinica),是高粱蚜发生期的主要控制因素,物种均匀度、丰富度、多样性指数均表现为增加趋势,物种优势度、优势集中性均表现为降低趋势.     

江西庐山景区近年来昆虫种群多样性动态研究

根据在庐山生物学野外实习采集的昆虫标本,对近年来庐山景区的昆虫种群多样性进行了分析。结果表明,从2006年至2011年,昆虫采集标本主要集中在16个目,昆虫物种数下降了一半,总体上表现为体型大的减少或消失,捕食性昆虫减少或消失,小型个体及危害植物的增多,大蚊和盲蛛是特例,呈增多趋势。从多样性指数上看,不论是香农-维纳指数、辛普森指数、均匀度指数还是优势度指数,有的逐年下降,有的出现波动,总趋势下降。所以,近年来庐山景区昆虫物种多样性已受到严重干扰,应引起重视,采取恢复栖息地、保持较高的景观异质性等措施来改善生境,恢复当地的昆虫多样性。