New ancient DNA sequences suggest high genetic diversity for the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius)

Partial DNA sequences of cytochrome b gene (mtDNA) were successfully retrieved from Late Pleistocene fossil bone of Mammuthus primigenius collected from the Xiguitu County (Yakeshi), Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and from Zhaodong, Harbin of Heilongjiang Province in northern China. Two ancient DNA fragments (109 bp and 124 bp) were authenticated by reproducible experiments in two different laboratories and by phylogenetic analysis with other Elephantidae taxa. Phylogenetic analysis using these sequences and published data in either separate or combined datasets indicate unstable relationship among the woolly mammoth and the two living elephants, Elephas and Loxodonta. In addition to the short sequences used to attempt the long independent evolution of Elephantidae terminal taxa, we suggest that a high intra-specific diversity existed in Mammuthus primigenius crossing both spatial and temporal ranges, resulting in a complex and divergent genetic background for DNA sequences so far recovered. The high genetic diversity in the extinct woolly mammoth can explain the apparent instability of Elephantidae taxa on the molecular phylogenetic trees and can reconcile the apparent paradox regarding the unresolved Elephantidae trichotomy.     

New ancient DNA sequences suggest high genetic diversity for the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius)

Partial DNA sequences of cytochrome b gene (mtDNA) were successfully retrieved from Late Pleistocene fossil bone of Mammuthus primigenius collected from the Xiguitu County ( Yakeshi), Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and from Zhaodong, Harbin of Heilongjiang Province in northern China. Two ancient DNA fragments (109 bp and 124 bp) were authenticated by reproducible experiments in two different laboratories and by phylogenetic analysis with other Elephantidae taxa. Phylogenetic analysis using these sequences and published data in either separate or combined datasets indicate unstable relationship among the woolly mammoth and the two living elephants, Elephas and Loxodonta . In addition to the short sequences used to attempt the long independent evolution of Elephantidae terminal taxa, we suggest that a high intra-specific diversity existed in Mammuthus primigenius crossing both spatial and temporal ranges, resulting in a complex and divergent genetic background for DNA sequences so far recovered. The high genetic diversity in the extinct woolly mammoth can explain the apparent instability of Elephantidae taxa on the molecular phylogenetic trees and can reconcile the apparent paradox regarding the unresolved Elephantidae trichotomy.     

Mitochondrial DNA variation analysis suggests extreme low genetic diversity in Guizhou snub-nosed monkeys （Rhinopithecus brelichi）

Guizhou snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi) is a unique, endangered primate in China, mainly distributed in Fanjing Mountain National Natural Reserve, Guizhou Province, in an area of 275 km2. Recently, habitat loss and fragmentation have caused population isolation. To assess genetic diversity within this species and its population structure, we sequenced 400 bp of the hypervariable I segment from the mitochondrial DNA control region for 128 individuals. Only one haplotype was identified from these individuals. Compared with other primate species, R. brelichi can be regarded as a species with very low genetic diversity, which further adds to the conservation concern.     

马氏珠母贝与解氏珠母贝的随机扩增多态DNA分析

用OPM组20种碱基随机引物对采自海南洋浦的马氏珠母贝（Pincada martensii）和解氏珠母贝（P.chemmitri）天然群体进行RAPD分析,其中6种引物扩增有效,这6种引物对马氏珠母贝和解氏珠母贝的总扩增带数分别为52条和58条。每一引物的扩增带数为3～16条,同一引物对两种贝类的扩增带数不同（OPM19B除外）,对两贝类的扩增带型也有较大差异。群体内的各个个体（实验个体为10个）RAPD扩增带谱全部呈多态,表明在同一群体中,各个体存在着明显的个体特征带,由于样品数量及引物数均少,2种贝类各自种群的共同特征尚未能确定。     

褐马鸡地理种群的遗传多样性研究

从分子遗传学角度对采自陕西省黄龙县和河北小五台山两个地区的褐马鸡种群进行了研究,完成了上述两个地区褐马鸡线粒体控制区的全序列测序,并与GenBank中搜索的马鸡属的其它三个种的同源序列进行比对分析.综合考虑该区域的地质历史背景和本研究得到的上述两地区褐马鸡与蓝马鸡的遗传距离分析,研究认为由于0.15 MaBP黄河切穿三门峡后东流入海以及历史上的人类活动,导致原来连续的褐马鸡分布区域分隔,并逐渐分化成不同的地理种群.研究还指出褐马鸡种群内遗传多样性极低,并建议褐马鸡和蓝马鸡应为同种不同色型.     

基于ISSR数据探讨节茎曲柄藓(Campylopus umbellatus(Arn.) Paris)遗传多样性和居群遗传结构

选用简单序列重复区间扩增多态性(ISSR)分子标记,对分布于浙江清凉峰国家级自然保护区顺溪坞和凉源、浙江台州临海天台山、浙江舟山嵊泗列岛、江苏苏州天平山、广西上思十万大山、台湾宜兰县马告生态公园和云南西双版纳纳板河流域国家自然保护区8个自然居群的40份节茎曲柄藓(Campylopus umbellatus(Arn.) Par.)的遗传多样性进行了研究.应用筛选出的12条引物,共扩增出172条清晰、重复性高的条带.使用POPGENE 3.2分析发现:其中158条条带的多态性位点百分率(PPB)为91.86%,根井正利基因多样性指数(H)为0.292 2,香农-维纳多样性指数(I)为0.445 9,说明节茎曲柄藓居群遗传多样性水平较高.8个居群的遗传分化系数(G_(st))为0.634 6,居群间的基因流(N_m)为0.287 9,63.33%的遗传变异存在于居群间,36.67%的遗传变异存在于居群内,说明节茎曲柄藓居群间的遗传分化明显.基于ISSR数据的聚类分析表明:以遗传距离65为分组阈值,8个居群可被分为6组,节茎曲柄藓居群间的遗传分化主要由地理因素造成,居群内的遗传分化可能与生境的异质性有关.     

Experimental validation of inter-subspecific genetic diversity in rice represented by the differences between the DNA sequences of ‘Nipponbare’ and ‘93-11’

The pedigrees of three sequenced rice cultivars were analyzed to show that a majority of the genetic composition of 'Nipponbare' originates from japonica cultivars while the minority originates from indica cultivars. In contrast, '93-11' is derived mainly from indica cultivars with a smaller contribution from japonica cultivars. All ancestors of 'Guang lu ai 4' appeared to be indica lines. A set of molecular markers (46 InDels and 53 SSRs) polymorphic between 'Nipponbare' and '93-11' were examined in 46 typical indica and 47 typical japonica cultivars selected from 443 accessions according to Cheng's index. All cultivars were divided into indica and japonica groups without overlapping when clustered by Cheng's index, InDels and SSRs. Much higher InDel and SSR diversity between groups than within groups implies that the marker polymorphisms between 'Nipponbare' and '93-11' represent a large proportion of inter-subspecific diversity. About 85% of indica cultivars and more than 90% of japonica cultivars were confirmed to have the same PCR banding patterns as '93-11' and 'Nipponbare', respectively. Some polymorphic loci between 'Nipponbare' and '93-11' cannot be validated in other indica and japonica cultivars, either as subspecies-specific but not predominant alleles, or alleles not specific between the two groups. It was concluded that molecular markers developed from sequence polymorphism between 'Nipponbare' and '93-11' often represent inter-subspecific diversity, although some exceptions were sensitive to either particular marker loci or particular cultivars.     

Assessment of genetic diversity in the forest musk deer （Moschus berezovskii） using microsatellite and AFLP markers

Microsatellite genotyping and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) techniques are often utilized in studies of conservation genetics of endangered animals. To select a more effective marker system for conserving the endangered forest musk deer, we used microsatellite and AFLP markers to estimate levels of genetic diversity of two populations, the pure mother Jinfengshan (JFS) group and the offspring Baisha (BS) group with introduction of new blood. It was expected that JFS would pos- sess significa...     

The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence and the phylogenetic position of Achalinus meiguensis (Reptilia: Squamata)

The mitochondrial genome complete sequence of Achalinus meiguensis was reported for the first time in the present study. The complete mitochondrial genome of A. meiguensis is 17239 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA, 2 rRNA, and 2 non-coding regions (Control regions). On the basis of comparison with the other complete mitochondrial sequences reported, we explored the characteristic of structure and evolution. For example, duplication control regions independently occurred in the evolutionary history of reptiles; the pseudo-tRNA of snakes occurred in the Caenophidia; snake is shorter than other vertebrates in the length of tRNA because of the truncations of TψC arm (less than 5 bp) and “DHU“ arm. The phylogenic analysis by MP and BI analysis showed that the phylogenetic position of A. meiguensis was placed in Caenophidia as a sister group to other advanced snakes with the exclusion of Acrochordus granulatus which was rooted in the Caenophidia. Therefore we suggested that the subfamily Xenodermatinae, which contains A. meiguensis, should be raised to a family rank or higher rank. At the same time, based on the phylogenic statistic test, the tree of Bayesian was used for estimating the divergence time. The results showed that the divergence time between Henophidia and Caenophidia was 109.50 Mya; 106.18 Mya for divergence between Acrochordus granulatus and the other snakes of the Caenophidia; the divergence time of A. meiguensis was 103 Mya, and Viperidae diverged from the unilateral of Elapidae and Colubridae was 96.06 Mya.     

Repetitive DNA sequences from the X chromosome of the spiny eel (Mastacembelus aculeatus)

To investigate the characters of repetitive DNA sequence in the sex chromosomes of the spiny eel (Mastacembelus aculeatus), the X chromosomal library was screened and a family of repetitive sequence, consisting of Ma 1-Ma 6, was isolated. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) result confirmed that Ma 1 - Ma 5 dispersed over sex chromosomes and all autosomes, whereas, Ma 6 is sex chromosome-specific and distributed only on the C-band positive regions of X chromosome, and Ma 6 maybe the main components of the heterochromatic regions of X chromosome. This study provides additional information about the evolution of sex chromosomes in lower vertebrates such as fish.      

RAPD Analysis for Genetic Variation within the Endangered Quillwort Isoetes hypsophila （Isoetaceae）

The genetie variation in the critically endangered species Isoetes hypsophila was investigated using Random Amplified Polymorphism DNA (RAPD) markers. Thirteen primers were screened from sixty primers, and a total of 104 DNA fragments were scored, of which, 52 were polymorphic loci. Low-level genetic diversity within populations with PPB values ranging from 7.69% to 25.96% was found. An Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) indicated that the most of variance (78.30%) occurred between Yunnan and Sichuan. The variances among populations within regions and within populations were only 3.89% and 17.82%, respectively.     

G.M.(2n个顶点)的同胚类个数的一个计算公式

利用顶点扭转运算和组合理论推导出具有２ｎ个顶点的Ｇ．Ｍ．◎的同胚类个数的一个计算公式。     

Ramsey数R4（6）的新下界

推广Mathon的方法，并对4色完全图K929进行研究，得到Ramsey数R4(6)的新下界：R4(6)≥3721．     

基于并行算法的Ramsey数R(3,q)的2个新下界

用并行算法寻求有效的参数集，构造素数阶循环图，得到二色Ramsey数R(3，q)的2个新下界：R(3，24)≥140，R(3，25)≥143。     

白唇竹叶青蛇毒类凝血酶基因的克隆和序列分析

通过分析多种已知的毒蛇蛇毒类凝血酶（SVTLEs）基因序列同源性,以保守的N和C末端氨基酸序列设计引物,克隆得到白唇竹叶青（Trimeresurus albolabris）SVTLE基因并分析其序列。以毒腺总RNA为模板进行RT—PCR,纯化并克隆至pMD18-T。结果表明,该酶基因大小为777bp;推测出其相应氨基酸序列含258个氨基酸残基,分子量为28．02kD,pI值为6．07;其3个可能糖基化位点为NDT103～105、NNS121～123和NRT251～253;与其它毒蛇的已知SVTLEs基因比较分析,推测出其含6对二硫键即Cys31—162、Cys50-66、Cys98．256、Cys142—210、Cys174—189和Cys200—225;其催化活性中心氨基酸残基为His65、Asp110和Ser204。分子进化树分析表明,毒蛇SVTLEs一级结构的进化具有一定种属特征,可为蛇的系统分类提供参考。     

广西崇左叉叶苏铁野生和迁地保护种群的遗传多样性比较分析

叉叶苏铁[Cycas bifida （Dyer） K.D.Hill]为国家一级重点保护野生植物,了解广西崇左叉叶苏铁野生种群和迁地保护种群的遗传多样性和遗传结构,可为其种质资源的保护及管理提供指导。本研究利用筛选得到的6对稳定且多态性良好的Simple Sequence Repeat （SSR）引物,对位于崇左的4个叉叶苏铁野生种群和迁至桂林的1个叉叶苏铁迁地保护种群共109个个体的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行分析。结果表明： 4个野生种群的观测等位基因数平均值为2.875,有效等位基因数平均值为1.796,Shannon信息指数平均值为0.637,观测杂合度平均值为0.363,期望杂合度平均值为0.373,说明广西崇左叉叶苏铁遗传多样性水平较低。迁地保护种群的观测等位基因数、有效等位基因数、Shannon信息指数、观测杂合度和期望杂合度分别为3.000、1.865、0.686、0.323和0.391,说明迁地保护能提高叉叶苏铁遗传多样性。遗传结构中群体间遗传呈中度分化（0.134）,种群间遗传变异占25%,种群内遗传变异占75%,遗传变异主要来源于种群内。非加权组平均法（Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic means,UPGMA）、主坐标分析（Principal Co-ordinates Analysis,PCoA）和Structure分析表明109份样品可分为2类,迁地保护种群ZWS和野外种群PR为一类,其余3个种群为一类。野生种群中MALL的群体遗传多样性最高（Shannon信息指数为0.711,期望杂合度为0.394）,应将该种群作为重点保护单元进行保护。迁地保护种群ZWS的Shannon信息指数和期望杂合度均高于野生种群平均值,但Shannon信息指数略低于野生种群MALL,期望杂合度略低于野生种群MALL和YCLL。建议继续加强野生种群MALL和YCLL种群资源的引种工作,以便更有效地保护叉叶苏铁的遗传资源。     

Green fluorescent protein （GFP） as a vital marker for studying the interaction of Phytophthora sojae and soybean

Transgenic Phytophthora sojae strains that produce green fluorescent protein （GFP） were obtained after stable DNA integration using the Hsp70 promoter and the Ham34 terminator of Bremia lactucae. The expression of GFP during different developmental stages of P. sojae was observed using fluorescent microscopy. Based on this reporter system, the histopathologic events caused by the pathogen in soybean leaves, hypocotyls and roots were monitored. Meanwhile, the difference in resistance between different soybean cultivars against P. sojae was analyzed microscopically in roots. The results indicate that GFP can be stably expressed in zoosporangia, zoospores, cysts, hyphae and oospores of P. sojae. Using the GFP marker, the infecting pathogens in leaves, hypocotyls and roots of host could be distinctly visualized. The germ tube length of cysts germinating on the roots of resistant cultivar Nannong 8848 was longer than that on the roots of susceptible cultivar Hefeng 35. These results show for the first time that this eukaryotic reporter can be used in P. sojae as a stable and vital marker, allowing the study of genetics of this hemibiotrophic pathogen.     

以苄醇和亚铁氰化钾为原料的芳腈合成新方法研究

该文以Cu2 O为催化剂,实现了苄醇与亚铁氰化钾的新反应,为芳腈的合成提供了一种经济有效的新方法.该方法优化了溶剂、催化剂、温度、氧气压强等反应条件,并在最佳反应条件下合成了16个芳腈化合物,分离产率为62％～87％.该文提出了该反应的机理:苄醇首先发生需氧氧化脱氢生成芳基甲醛,然后转化为芳腈.与文献报道的方法相比,该...