2001—2017年中国近海水域赤潮发生规律及其影响因素

通过收集整理2001—2017年相关数据, 对我国近海海域赤潮爆发规律及影响因素进行初步探究。结果表明, 我国近海海域赤潮发生规律呈先增后减趋势, 2001—2005年, 近海赤潮面积和频次大幅度增加, 2006—2017年则明显减少。2008—2017年, 我国发生赤潮608 次, 引发赤潮的第一优势物种有65种。其中, 东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)是引发赤潮次数最多的生物, 共计106次。各海区赤潮的影响因素有差异: 渤海区赤潮面积变化主要受营养盐和总氮影响, 东海区赤潮面积和次数变化与营养盐、总氮、总磷和亚硝态氮显著相关, 南海区赤潮面积变化与污染物入海量和CODcr显著正相关(P<0.05)。为进一步减少赤潮爆发, 提出我国近海海域赤潮防治建议: 建设在线监测站点, 采取因区制宜的管控措施, 加强源头排污管理, 完善应急响应体系, 进行海洋生态修复。     

中国大陆境内的O1分波应变负荷潮

根据Schwideiski海潮图,本文根据作者提出的积分Green函数方法计算了全球海潮O_1分波在中国大陆产生的应变负荷潮,并绘制了应变负荷潮在中国大陆的分布图。分布图表明,中国大陆全境的O_1分波应变负荷潮受太平洋海潮的控制,在中国南部沿海地区南海海潮的作用非常显著,此处应变负荷潮的振幅可以接近甚至超过固体潮的振幅,即使在大陆西部内陆地区,负荷潮的振幅亦可达固体潮振幅的百分之几。要合理解释应变固体潮的观测结果,正确考虑负荷潮的影响是十分必要的。     

黑潮对中国近海热盐输运的季节和年际变化

应用垂向混合坐标系海洋模式（HYCOM）,对赤道以及北太平洋进行了气候态模拟和1990-1999年的模拟.给出了黑潮对我国近海热量和盐量输运的定量结果,并对其季节和年际变化特征进行了分析.气候态模拟的结果表明,黑潮对东海的热量输运与该区域的海表面热通量同量级,且呈反向变化,热量输运冬季最大,夏季最小,7月为-9×1013W,2月为2.5×1014W,春、秋为过渡季节.黑潮向南海输运的热量除夏季为负值外,其它季节均为正值.黑潮年均向东海输运热量1.67×1014 W,向南海输运热量1.5×1014W.盐量输运的变化趋势与热量一致.对1990-1999年的模拟结果进行小波分析表明,黑潮对东海热量和盐量输运具有4~7年的显著周期,且与厄尔尼诺现象密切相关.厄尔尼诺年,黑潮向东海输运的热量和盐量均有明显减小.黑潮对南海热量和盐量输运的周期约为3~4年.黑潮对南海的热量输运也与厄尔尼诺现象存在负相关关系.     

广西北部湾近岸海域近20年赤潮灾害特征分析

本研究对广西北部湾近岸海域2002-2021年发生的20次赤潮灾害进行综合分析,结果表明：近20年广西近岸海域赤潮平均每年发生1次,发生面积约为384 km²,持续时间为3.65 d,主要集中在春夏季,近10年(2012-2021年)相对前10年(2002-2011年)赤潮发生面积增加(18倍)。引发赤潮的生物种类共有10种,其中次数最多的是球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa),其次是夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans)、水华微囊藻(Microcystis flos-aquae)和红海束毛藻(Trichodesmium erythraeum),但近10年不断有新的赤潮藻种出现。赤潮发生总数中,有毒或有害赤潮11次,分别为球形棕囊藻4次,夜光藻和水华微囊藻各3次,链状裸甲藻(Gymnodinium catenatum)1次。广西近岸海域赤潮发生的分布范围广,2008年以前主要发生在北海市涠洲岛海域,2008年以后钦州市三娘湾和三墩岛海域、北海市廉州湾及防城港市防城湾陆续开始发生赤潮。通过综合分析近20年北部湾近岸海域赤潮发生和分布的基...     

基于耦合气候系统模式的中全新世黄、东海海表通量分析

对中全新世(6,ka时期)海洋和气候的研究可加深人们对现阶段气候变化和海洋环境的认识,为预测未来海洋与气候环境变化提供一个重要参照.文章分析一个耦合气候系统模式FGOALS-s2.0的模式结果,首先对其工业革命前(0,ka时期)东亚地区夏季降水及冬、夏季10,m风场的模拟结果进行评估,然后进一步对中全新世和工业革命前黄、东海海表大气强迫的季节变化进行了对比.结果显示:模式模拟出0,ka时期东亚夏季降水从东南洋面至西北内陆减少的空间分布特点,冬、夏季10,m风场亦与观测大体一致;6,ka时期夏季,黄、东海风速较0,ka时期增大约0.8,m/s,16%左右;黄海风应力旋度值为正,东海为负,与0,ka时期相比旋度绝对值均增大;同时,两海区接收的太阳短波辐射较0,ka时期均增加,短波辐射的差异是中全新世夏季黄、东海海表的净热吸收增加的主要因子.6,ka时期冬季,黄、东海北风加强,东海增加量在0.5~1.0,m/s,幅度约为10%,较黄海更为明显;两海区在冬季的净热释放也较0,ka时期增大,东海释放更甚;冬季黄、东海风应力旋度较0,ka时期则无太大差别.研究表明,由于6,ka时期太阳辐射季节循环的改变,造成了黄、东海夏季风增强,海表净热通量也发生相应变化,该时期大气强迫场的变化可能会使黄、东海表层水温分布趋势发生较大改变,进而影响陆架环流格局.     

The first observation of the atmospheric tides in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere over Hainan,China

Fuke (19.5°N, 109.1°E) meteor radar is the first radar of the low latitudes of China, which is used to detect the wind in the meso- sphere and lower thermosphere. In this paper, by using the wind data near three months (1 February-20 April, 2009), we first present the variation of the atmospheric diurnal tide, semidiurnal tide and mean wind in the height range 80-100 km over the low latitudes of China. The results from our analysis are summarized below. During spring months, there are quite strong tides in ...     

The yellow sea green tides were dominated by one species, Ulva (Enteromorpha) prolifera, from 2007 to 2011

Green tides have occurred in the Yellow Sea successively from 2007 to 2011. Genetic analysis of the 5-year green-tide-forming algae needs to be performed to determine the source of the biomass and understand the mechanism of the green tide blooms. In this study, free-floating green algae were collected at different sites in the Yellow Sea in 2010 and 2011. Data on 182 free-floating samples and 155 attached Ulva samples from previous studies on the Yellow Sea green tides from 2007 to 2009 were also taken into consideration. Morphology observation and molecular phylogenetic analyses indicated that the Yellow Sea green tides were dominated by a single species, Ulva prolifera, from 2007 to 2011. Considering that at least five Ulva species inhabit the north coast of China, the unialgal composition of the green tides implied that (1) there may be some special physiology and propagation pathways of U. prolifera for its rapid expansion, (2) the mechanisms of the Yellow Sea green tide formation were similar for the last five years, and (3) the intra-species genetic variation and population structure of U. prolifera need to be studied to determine the exact origin of the bloom-forming biomass.     

冬季北极海冰面积异常与中国气温变化之间的年际关系

利用1957-2001年冬季的北极海冰资料、中国160站气温资料以及NCEP再分析的大气环流资料分析了冬季北极海冰面积异常与中国气温变化之间的年际关系.过去44年来,北极海冰面积总体上具有减小趋势(鄂霍次克海是例外,那里海冰面积有增加趋势),相应地北极涛动趋于增强,我国大部分地区趋于增暖.叠加这种趋势变化之上的是年际变化.在年际时间尺度上,冬季海冰变化的主要空间型表现为格陵兰海和白令海的海冰异常总是和鄂霍次克海、巴伦支海东部、喀拉海(新地岛附近)以及哈得孙湾的海冰异常符号相反,并且与500 hPa高度场上的EU和WP型遥相关对应.当冬季格陵兰海和白令海的海冰异常偏少,而鄂霍次克海、巴伦支海东部、喀拉海(新地岛附近)以及哈得孙湾的海冰异常偏多时,西伯利亚高压和阿留申低压都偏弱,冬季风减弱,东亚西风增强,我国冬季大部分地区温度升高;反之亦然.     

黄、东海沿岸海表温度变化与厄尔尼诺的关系

利用黄、东海沿岸8个长期水文观测站多年海表温度资料,分析黄、东海沿岸海表温度的季节和年际变化特征,重点分析在1982—1983年和1997—1998年两次厄尔尼诺年期间的异常变化,以及ENSO影响黄、东海沿岸海表温度的可能机制。结果表明,在厄尔尼诺发生年,夏季风较弱,鄂霍次克海高压加强,西太平洋副高位置偏南,强度偏强,江淮流域及长江中下游降水偏多,黄、东海沿岸海表温度偏低。黄、东海沿岸海表温度受到ENSO和PDO(太平洋年代际振荡)的影响和调制,在厄尔尼诺发生的前冬半年及当年,黄、东海沿岸海表温度偏低;在厄尔尼诺发生次年,黄、东海沿岸海表温度偏高。厄尔尼诺对黄、东海沿岸海表温度变化的影响通过海洋和大气2个通道,1982—1983年海表温度异常以负异常为主,1997—1998年海表温度异常以正异常为主;ENSO期间,北赤道流减弱,黑潮流量减少,海表温度降低。海表温度受局地气温影响显著,如果ENSO期间东亚气温升高,则黄、东海沿岸海表温度偏高。     

East Asian monsoon change for the 21st century: Results of CMIP3 and CMIP5 models

Forty-two climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phases 3 and 5 were first evaluated in terms of their ability to simulate the present climatology of the East Asian winter (December-February) and summer (June-August) monsoons. The East Asian winter and summer monsoon changes over the 21st century were then projected using the results of 31 and 29 reliable climate models under the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) mid-range A1B scenario or the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) mid-low-range RCP4.5 scenario, respectively. Results showed that the East Asian winter monsoon changes little over time as a whole relative to the reference period 1980-1999. Regionally, it weakens (strengthens) north (south) of about 25°N in East Asia, which results from atmospheric circulation changes over the western North Pacific and Northeast Asia owing to the weakening and northward shift of the Aleutian Low, and from decreased north- west-southeast thermal and sea level pressure differences across Northeast Asia. In summer, monsoon strengthens slightly in East China over the 21st century as a consequence of an increased land-sea thermal contrast between the East Asian continent and the adjacent western North Pacific and South China Sea.     

Linkage between winter sea surface temperature east of Australia and summer precipitation in the Yangtze River valley and a possible physical mechanism

The relationship between winter sea surface temperature (SST) east of Australia and summer precipitation in the Yangtze River valley and a possibly related physical mechanism were investigated using observation data. It is found that winter SST east of Australia is correlated positively to summer precipitation in the Yangtze River valley. When the SST east of Australia becomes warmer in winter, the western Pacific subtropical high and the East Asian westerly jet tend to shift southward the following summer, concurrent with low-level southwesterly anomalies over eastern China. These conditions favor precipitation increase in the Yangtze River valley, whereas the opposite conditions favor precipitation decrease. The influence of winter SST east of Australia on East Asian summer atmospheric circulations may occur in two ways. First, by an anomalous SST signal east of Australia in winter that persists through the following summer, thus affecting East Asian atmospheric circulations via the inter-hemispheric teleconnection. Second, when the SST east of Australia is warmer in winter, higher SST appears simultaneously in the southwest Indian Ocean and subsequently develops eastward by local air-sea interaction. As a result, the SST in the Maritime Continent increases in summer, which may lead to an anomalous change in East Asian summer atmospheric circulations through its impact on convection.     

应用多元回归法研究赤潮特征有机物与赤潮关系

以海水中赤潮特征有机物的含量作为自变量，赤潮生物密度作为因变量，应用多元回归分析法，对样品进行了回归分析，，根据样品的回归预测值，可为探索赤潮预报提供参考。     

涠洲岛附近海域一次红海束毛藻赤潮生消过程分析

红海束毛藻（Trichodesmium erythraeum）属蓝藻门、颤藻科、束毛藻属。2004年6月28日至7月1日涠洲岛附近海域发生了一次小规模的红海束毛藻赤潮，这已是该海域近3年内的第3次红海束毛藻赤潮。赤潮生物的最高密度为7．0×10^8cell／L。在赤潮发生前涠洲岛附近海域海水中的营养盐含量变化较大，海水硅酸盐和磷酸盐含量逐月降低，赤潮发生前1天硅酸盐和磷酸盐降至最低。赤潮发生前海水温度持续升高。赤潮发生区与未发生赤潮海区相比，赤潮发生区在赤潮发生前硅酸盐含量更低，基本检不出；赤潮发生区磷酸盐含量降低，但是较对照区含量高。在赤潮形成期间，赤潮发生区硅藻数量明显的降低。本次赤潮发生与海水的富营养化无关，是一次非富营养化引发的赤潮，赤潮的发生导致海区的COD升高。     

Internal tide characteristics over northern South China Sea continental slope

21-day in-situ ADCP current and CTD data from an anchored observational station by R/V Shiyan 3 are used to investigate the characteristics of intemal tide in the northern South China Sea continental slope. The results show that tide and internal tide are both mixed type in the observed region and dominated by diurnals; the maximum internal tidal major axes of K1, O1 were largest and reached 11 cm/s, 10 cm/s, respectively, and their current vectors rotate anticlockwise. The 300 m-deep internal tide presents obvious quasi-diurnal oscillation and its average amplitude reaches 50 m. Furthermore, internal tide carried high energy; in the upper layers above 140 m, the kinetic energy of intemal tides accounts for 15%--37% of overall kinetic energy, most of internal tide energy concentrates around the thermocline.     

基于钦州湾验潮站2008-2020年潮位序列的潮汐特征研究

潮汐是钦州湾的主要海洋动力,对物质输运、海洋工程、海洋生态环境等都有重要影响。本研究基于钦州湾验潮站2008-2020年共13年的水位观测资料,利用潮汐调和分析、偏度计算和线性回归等方法,分析钦州湾长时间的潮汐变化、潮不对称性特征及海平面变化趋势。结果表明,钦州湾验潮站潮汐以O₁、K₁分潮占优,属于规则全日潮。主要分潮振幅有显著的年际变化,2008年为最小值,O₁为95.82 cm, K₁为88.18 cm, M₂为39.53 cm; 2016年达到最大值,O₁为104.27 cm, K₁为95.15 cm, M₂为46.16 cm,这一变化与月赤纬角的变化有关。钦州湾潮不对称现象显著,涨潮历时比落潮历时多2-3 h,造成该现象的主要原因是受到半日分潮和全日分潮之间相互作用的影响,其中主要贡献来源于O₁、K₁、M₂之间的相互作用,占总潮汐偏度的80...     

Spatial and temporal variations of light rain events over China and the mid-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere

Based on observed daily precipitation data, monthly gridded radiosonde upper air temperature and sea surface temperature data from the UK Met Office Hadley Centre, monthly surface air temperature from the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia and the NCEP/NCAR monthly reanalysis data, this study investigates the spatial and temporal variations of light rain events over China and the mid-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during 1961-2010, and discusses the relationship between the change of light rain events and atmospheric stability, sea surface temperature and atmospheric circulation. The light rain events over East China display a decreasing trend of 3.0%/10 a in summer and winter half years. Over Northwest China, an increasing trend of 4.1%/10 a is found in winter half years, but there is no trend in summer half years. Using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, it is found that the first two principal components of light rain events over the mid-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere show long time scale variations in summer and winter half years. The first EOF modes (EOF1s) for summer and winter half years both depict a long-term increase in light rain events over North America and Southern Europe as well as Northwest China (except in summer half years), and a long-term decrease over most of the Eurasia (Central Europe, Eastern Europe, North Asia and East China). The second EOF mode (EOF2) for summer half year shows that light rain events increase over North America, Southern Europe and South China, but decrease over Eurasia north of 45°N from 1961 to early 1980s, while the trends reverse from late 1980s to 2010. The second EOF mode (EOF2) for winter half years indicates that light rain events increase over North America and South and North China, but decrease over Eurasia north of 40°N from 1961 to early 1980s, while the trends reverse from late 1980s to 2009. Correlation analysis and linear regression analysis suggest that EOF1s may be related to the change in atmospheric static stability associated with global warming, and EOF2s are possibly linked to the AMO.     

Determination of solid Earth tide phase lag by satellite observation data

The geopotential variation caused by solid Earth, ocean and atmospheric tides can be estimated from artificial satellite orbit perturbations. It is shown that the total tidal variation in geopotential field derived from satellite tracking data, combined with the recent accurate measurements of ocean tide obtained by Topex/Poseidon and atmospheric tide model, permits the estimates of the solid earth tide phase lags for M2 and K1 constituents (respectively 0.12° and 0.13°). This result agrees rather well with the result 0.16° derived from satellite data by Ray and the constrained theoretical result 0.21° given by Zschau; whereas the results given by gravity tidal methods are rather scattering in the phase lag determination.     

中国海洋红藻门新分类系统

利用研究结果并参考文献资料,对我国海洋红藻门新的分类系统进行组织和完善,并阐述了各物种分布特征。我国海洋红藻门有2纲16目46科216属845种及其变种,在我国海藻三区的区系分布为黄渤海190种、东中国海134种和南中国海702种,四小区的区系分布为黄海西区190种、东海西区134种、南海北区246种和南海南区576种。     

Records of the tsunami induced by the 2010 Chilean earthquake from Xiaoqushan seafloor observatory in the East China Sea

Sea-level variation can be induced by periodic tides, stochastic wind, air pressure, and swell. Larger sea-level variation has the potential to cause coastal disasters. In this paper, real-time continuous data obtained by the Xiaoqushan seafloor observatory in the East China Sea were analyzed employing frequency power spectral and tidal harmonic methods to extract the major components and periodicities of sea-level change. The sea-level anomaly (sla) was calculated by subtracting the tidal components from the observed sea level data. In the study period, the correlation between sla and the local north-south wind speed was high with a correlation coefficient of 0.65 at the 95% confidence level. The local wind-induced sea-level anomaly (sla wind ) was therefore computed through linear fitting. Although sla wind is one of the main components of sla, the residual sea-level anomaly (sla residual ) obtained by subtracting sla wind from sla is not zero, suggesting that there are other factors besides wind. Detailed analysis of the sea-level data at the time of the 8.8-magnitude Chilean earthquake on February 27, 2010 showed a peak sla residual value of 0.48 m at around 15:00 on February 28, which was highly coincident with the tsunami arrival time forecast by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. The peak sla residual event is therefore linked with the tsunami induced by the 2010 Chilean earthquake. This is the first time that a tsunami has been detected using real-time continuous data recorded by a seafloor observatory in the sea off China. Such observations are expected to improve tsunami forecast models and promote the development of a tsunami warning system and a seafloor observatory network in the East China Sea.     

Sensitivity experiments of impacts of large-scale urbanization in East China on East Asian winter monsoon

By using the global atmospheric general circulation model CAM4.0 including an urban canopy parameterization scheme,the possible impacts of large-scale urbanization in East China on East Asian winter monsoon was investigated via idealized numerical experiments.Results suggest that large-scale urbanization can cause a significant warming effect in both surface temperature and air temperature near the surface over most areas of East China.Meanwhile,large-scale urbanization also alters the surface energy balance,causing evident increases in net surface long-wave radiation and sensible heat flux as well as intensified surface thermal heating to the atmosphere.Forced by the surface thermal heating anomalies induced by the large-scale urban expansion,East Asian winter monsoon circulation exhibits distinct changes.Overall,the extensive urbanization over East China will weaken East Asian winter monsoon,but intensify winter monsoon in northeast China.