Transformations of arsenic in the marine environment

Summary It is ten years since arsenobetaine was first isolated from the western rock lobsterPalinurus cygnus. Subsequently this naturally-occurring arsenical has been found in many species of marine animals contributing to the human diet. The identification of arsenic-containing ribofuranosides in algae and the production of dimethylarsinoylethanol from their anaerobic decomposition has allowed speculation on arsenic metabolism in marine organisms and has suggested a possible route to arsenobetaine from oceanic arsenate.     

Dimethyloxarsylethanol from anaerobic decomposition of brown kelp (Ecklonia radiata): A likely precursor of arsenobetaine in marine fauna

Summary The novel arsenic compound, dimethyloxarsylethanol, has been isolated from anaerobically incubatedEcklonia radiata. It is proposed that this compound has a key position in the biosynthesis of arsenobetaine.C, H microanalyses were performed by the Australian Microanalytical Service.     

Marine Fischereibiologie und allgemeine Meeresbiologie

Summary A review is given of the general development of marine biological research, both fundamental and applied. When marine fishery research was instituted, there was no lead from fundamental marine ecology, as would generally be the case from fundamental research to applied. But fundamental research profitted from the commercial interest in fishery science and was greatly promoted along with it. The mutual promotion of both lines of research is shown in the work ofHensen andHeincke. In modern times, one method has been found equally suitable for, and has been generally applied in, both lines of research: this is the establishment of the abundance and distribution of a single species and developmental stages in the sea on repeated cruizes of research vessels, in relation to the distribution of external conditions, such as temperature, salinity, currents, nutrients, food organisms and animal predators. Important indications concerning the influence of external conditions on populations could be derived from similar observations. At present, investigations in experimental ecology are urgently needed in order to corroborate the inferences drawn from these in situ-observations. Moreover, the progress of fishery research will to no small degree depend on increased investigations in marine animal physiology and in the microbiology of the seas.     

海洋酸化的影响及主要国家研究部署

全球变暖带来的海洋酸化问题对海洋环境造成的影响已经逐渐引起国际科学界的重视。全球海洋的酸化状况已经成为既成事实,对珊瑚礁、甲壳类动物甚至整个海洋生态系统都造成了不利影响。美国、欧洲以及日本等国都在重要海洋研究计划中做了相关部署,旨在深入了解海洋酸化的机理、可能造成的影响以及相关应对措施。     

Hymenin, a novel alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking agent from the Okinawan marine sponge Hymeniacidon sp

A novel bromine-containing alkaloid, hymenin, has been isolated from the Okinawan marine sponge Hymeniacidon sp. as a potent alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agent and its structure determined to be 1 on the basis of the spectral data.     

Isolation of a hexaprenylhydroquinone sulfate from the marine sponge Dysidea sp. as an H,K-ATPase inhibitor

A hexaprenylhydroquinone sulfate has been isolated as an H,K-ATPase inhibitor from a marine sponge Dysidea sp. It also inhibited phospholipase A2 as well as secretion of gastric acid in rats.     

A novel antagonist of serotonergic receptors, hymenidin, isolated from the Okinawan marine sponge Hymeniacidon sp

A novel bromine-containing pyrrole compound, hymenidin, has been isolated from the Okinawan marine sponge Hymeniacidon sp. as a potent antagonist of serotonergic receptors and its structure elucidated using spectral data.     

海洋弧菌多样性

海洋弧菌泛指异营性、好盐性、兼性嫌气性革兰氏阴性杆菌中，具有发酵葡萄糖等醣类能力者。它们遍布于内湾、沿岸和大洋水域及海底沉积物，也遍布于形形色色海洋生物体表和体内。这类细菌中，有少数种类是海洋鱼类和无脊椎动物特化发光器官内共生者，另有许多其它种类是人类和海洋动物病原体。海洋弧茵具有各类物质分解能力，包括能降解几丁质、洋菜等复杂多醣类，因而可能在沿岸环境有机物质循环再生中，扮演重要角色。这类细菌的固氮作用，可能是海洋环境中氨态氮重要来源之一。16S rDNA序列之亲源分析显示，海洋弧菌隶属γ-Proteobacteria。七十多种海洋弧菌目前被归类于Enreovibrio、Grimontia、Photobacterium、Salinovibrio和Vibrio五属；前两属属于Enterovibrionaceae，后三属分别属于Photobacteriaceae、Salinovibrionaceae和Vibrionaceae。利用限制型分析于区分16S rDNA基因型，是一种简易快速，而又有效于遂行海洋弧菌分离株初步分类的方法。     

Bromosphaerodiol,a minor bromo compound from the red algaSphaerococcus coronopifolius

Summary A minor bromoditerpene, bromosphaerodiol, has been isolated from the chloroform extract of the red marine algaSphaerococcus coronopifolius and its structure has been established by chemical and spectroscopic methods.This investigation was supported by Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma.     

C-reactive protein-like precipitins in lumpsucker (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) gametes

Summary A precipitin to pneumococcal and fungal C-substance, found in both ova and spermatozoa from a marine teleost fish, has similarities to mammalian C-reactive protein (CRP). This is the first demonstration of a CRP-like protein in the gametes of any species and adds further interest to the as yet unknown physiological role of CRP in vertebrates.     

海洋活性肽研究的回顾与展望

海洋环境资源丰富,物种多样,是活性肽开发与研究的巨大宝库。本文分析了活性肽丰富的海洋来源及生物功用,并且对活性肽的自然来源途径和人工合成来源途径进行了论述,包括活性肽的分离、纯化、合成、筛选等方面,并强调了海洋活性肽在食品工业、医药学、畜牧业、水产养殖业、尤其是在环境保护中的应用现状与潜力,还从多角度、多层面对海洋活性肽的研究作出展望．     

A novel antagonist of serotonergic receptors,hymenidin, isolated from the Okinawan marine spongeHymeniacidon sp.

Summary A novel bromine-containing pyrrole compound, hymenidin, has been isolated from the Okinawan marine spongeHymeniacidon sp. as a potent antagonist of serotonergic receptors and its structure elucidated using spectral data.     

The diversity of marine sterols and the role of algal bio-masses; from facts to hypothesis

Modern analytical methods have revealed the great variety of marine sterols, which possess many different side chains and unsaturation patterns. Such biochemical transformations require well-defined mechanistic pathways, and there must be some 'Raison d'Etre' for a situation which has withstood evolution and adaptive changes. However, in this area, insufficient and sometimes not very substantial experimental work has made it difficult to see correlations, and hence to form a solid hypothesis. A review is now presented in which the molecules dissolved in sea water, or found in marine organisms are considered with particular reference to algal production, and to the bio-ecological significance of the main sterols.     

Purealidin A,a new cytotoxic bromotyrosine-derived alkaloid from the Okinawan marine spongePsammaplysilla purea

Summary A new bromotyrosine-derived alkaloid with antileukemic activity, purealidin A (5), has been isolated from the Okinawan marine spongePsammaplysilla purea and its chemical structure elucidated on the basis of the spectroscopic data.     

Natural selection for resistance to mercury pollution

Summary The survival under conditions of mercury pollution of two natural populations of the marine gastropodCerithium rupestre, derived from mercury-polluted and mercury-free sites, was tested in the laboratory. The results indicate a significantly higher survival rate for animals derived from the mercury-polluted site, in each of six repetitive experiments. We conclude that mercury resistance in marine organisms is reinforced in mercury polluted sites, presumably by natural selection for increased resistance. The evolution of metal tolerance in marine organisms may be as fast as that of metal tolerance in plants and the evolution of industrial melanisms in moths.     

Anticonvulsant activity of farnesylacetone epoxide--a novel marine natural product.

A marine natural product, farnesylacetone epoxide, which is chemically related to juvenile hormone, has anticonvulsant properties at nonsedative doses in mice.     

Anticonvulsant activity of farnesylacetone epoxide—a novel marine natural product

Summary A marine natural product, farnesylacetone epoxide, which is chemically related to juvenile hormone, has anticonvulsant properties at nonsedative doses in mice.     

A potent actomyosin ATPase activator from the Okinawan marine spongeAgelas cf.nemoechinata

Summary A bromine-containing alkaloid, oxysceptrin, has been isolated as a potent actomyosin ATPase activator from the Okinawan marine spongeAgelas cf.nemoechinata, and the structure elucidated to be1 on the basis of the 2D NMR spectral data.Acknowledgments. We thank Mr Z. Nagahama for his help in sponge collecting and Ms M. Takamatsu for her technical assistance.     

The underwater electro-olfactogram: A tool for the study of the sense of smell of marine fishes

Summary Recording the olfactory receptor activity of marine fishes presents problems due to the shunting of the electrical signals by the highly conductive sea water, which results in significant signal loss. By recording the large signal-to-noise ratio D. C. potentials using the underwater electro-olfactogram (EOG), we were able to study olfactory receptor properties of freshwater and marine fishes in a comparable manner.This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, Nos. NS-08814 and NS-05258.     

Plakorin,a potent Ca2+-ATPase activator from the Okinawan marine spongePlakortis sp.

Summary A new cyclic peroxide, plakorin, which is a potent sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca^a+-ATPase activator has been isolated from the Okinawan marine spongePlakortis sp., its structure was elucidated on the basis of spectral data.Acknowledgments. We thank Ms M. Hamashima and Ms A. Muroyama for their technical assistance.