便携式直接甲醇燃料电池

采用超薄无Teflon化催化层制备直接甲醇燃料电池空气电极,用电化学沉积方法制备甲醇氧化催化剂PtRu／C。提出较高电位下甲醇氧化的概念。所研制的直接甲醇燃料电池的催化电极贵金属催化剂的利用率提高,甲醇氧化过程催化剂CO中毒问题能够基本消除。     

食用油下脚料制生物柴油混合燃料的发动机性能改善研究

在单缸直喷柴油机上燃用生物柴油混合燃料进行动力性与经济性、燃烧与排放特性试验。研究表明:与燃用纯生物柴油相比,发动机燃用生物柴油醇类混合燃料功率降低;有效燃油消耗率增加,有效能量消耗率降低;燃烧压力曲线后移,小负荷时峰值压力降低,中高负荷时峰值压力增加;CO与碳烟排放浓度降低(掺混甲醇效果更好)、HC排放略有增加但绝对值低、NOX排放基本保持不变。     

直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油的性能与排放

为了研究生物柴油在柴油机上的应用,在一台四缸涡轮增压直喷式柴油机上进行不同掺混比生物柴油与柴油混合燃料的性能对比试验,分析了在不同转速和负荷下柴油机燃用不同掺混比混合燃料的动力性、经济性和排放特性。研究结果表明:生物柴油与柴油相比,在2 200 r/min负荷特性下,有效能耗率减少,NOx排放增加较多,中小负荷碳烟排放基本相同,大负荷碳烟排放明显降低,中小负荷HC排放明显降低,大负荷HC排放基本一致,CO排放基本不变;在外特性下,功率略有增加,HC排放和碳烟排放均有所降低,CO排放和NOx排放增加。     

低碳醇对食用油下脚料制生物柴油燃料特性的影响

添加低碳醇是解决生物柴油黏度大且低温流动性差等问题的一种有效途径。随着醇类体积比例的增加,混合燃料的密度、十六烷值、运动黏度、凝点、冷滤点、质量低热值降低,氧含量与汽化潜热增加,从而对发动机性能产生直接影响。在动力性降低不超过5%的前提下,醇类体积比例不超过10%,可以明显降低黏度,使燃料流动性增强、雾化质量变好、燃烧完全、排放改善;增加氧含量,有利于提高燃烧速度、促使放热更加集中且燃烧更加完全、排放改善;降低了凝点与冷滤点,提高了低温流动性。     

直接微生物燃料电池的研究现状及应用前景

微生物燃料电池根据有无氧化还原介体的参与分为两大类:直接微生物燃料电池和间接微生物燃料电池。简要介绍其工作原理,概括了直接微生物燃料电池的研究进展以及目前需解决的问题和工作方向。最后展望直接微生物燃料电池的应用前景。     

Direct oxidation of hydrocarbons in a solid-oxide fuel cell

The direct electrochemical oxidation of dry hydrocarbon fuels to generate electrical power has the potential to accelerate substantially the use of fuel cells in transportation and distributed-power applications. Most fuel-cell research has involved the use of hydrogen as the fuel, although the practical generation and storage of hydrogen remains an important technological hurdle. Methane has been successfully oxidized electrochemically, but the susceptibility to carbon formation from other hydrocarbons that may be present or poor power densities have prevented the application of this simple fuel in practical applications. Here we report the direct, electrochemical oxidation of various hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, 1-butene, n-butane and toluene) using a solid-oxide fuel cell at 973 and 1,073 K with a composite anode of copper and ceria (or samaria-doped ceria). We demonstrate that the final products of the oxidation are CO2 and water, and that reasonable power densities can be achieved. The observation that a solid-oxide fuel cell can be operated on dry hydrocarbons, including liquid fuels, without reforming, suggests that this type of fuel cell could provide an alternative to hydrogen-based fuel-cell technologies.     

合成气合成燃料甲醇的基础研究

本文运用ＸＰＳ、过渡应答、原位红外等多种物化测试手段在不同反应条件及原料配比下，对Ｃｕ／ＺｎＯ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂进行了表面表征和活性测试。结果断定：Ｃｕ０是吸附与活化 Ｈ２、 ＣＯ和 ＣＯ２的共同中心； ＣＯ２对反应的加速作用主要是由于开辟了新的反应途径。本文提出的 ＣＯ２存在下 ＣＯ加氢合成甲醇反应的多途径机理解释了实验结果，为直接合成燃料甲醇提供了依据。     

直接氧化型葡萄糖燃料电池的研制

研究了新型Ｐｔ／Ｃｏ／Ｃ电催化剂的制备,并以其作为阳极制备直接氧化型葡萄糖燃料电池．实验结果证明,葡萄糖燃料电池具有较高的电动势和较优的电极性能,电极稳定性好,不存在毒化问题,是一种有开发前景的燃料电池．     

入口气组分对质子交换膜燃料电池柴油水蒸气重整制氢流程的影响

考察了Ni--Yb/γ--Al2O3(Ni 16%,Yb 5%,质量分数)催化剂,入口气中添加不同组分(CO2、H2和CH4)对柴油低/高温水蒸气重整过程中转化率及重整率的影响,以及添加CO2入口气对质子交换膜燃料电池柴油水蒸气重整制氢流程中后续的CO水气变换和深度去除CO过程的影响.结果表明:入口气中添加CO2或H2进一步提高了柴油在低温(400～500℃)水蒸气重整反应中的转化率(95%),能够为后续的高温(550～750℃)水蒸气重整过程提供CH4代替柴油作为重整原料,从而显著抑制了积碳.入口气中添加H2对高温水蒸气重整有抑制作用,添加CH4不利于提高柴油转化率.入口气中添加CO2时,气碳摩尔比约为0.54时柴油转化率最佳,但重整产物中CO含量会增加,因而后续CO水汽变换过程的空速需降低以便保证CO去除率,添加CO2对最后深度去除CO过程(两段选择甲烷化法)无明显影响.     

Study of droplet size and velocity of fuel containing CO2 spray by means of PDA

Injection of fuel containing CO2 has potential to reduce NOx and soot emissions in a diesel engine. This paper presents an experimental study on the spray characteristics of fuel containing CO2 as measured by phase doppler anemometry (PDA). Experiments were performed under atmospheric conditions on diesel hole-type nozzles at constant injection pressure. Effects of CO2 concentration in diesel fuel on the spray pattern, droplet size and velocity were measured. Experimental results show that fuel atomization will improve greatly when the concentration of dissolved CO2 in the fuel exceeds the critical value. The axial and radial velocity of the fuel spray containing CO2 is larger than that of conventional diesel fuel spray near the nozzle exit due to flash boiling phenomena. Downstream of the spray, the radial velocity and droplet size of fuel containing CO2 is much more uniform and smaller than that of pure diesel spray. It is attributed to the greatly enhanced liquid-gas mixing resulting from flash separation of CO2 from the liquid. New insight into the atomization of the fuel containing CO2 was obtained and a possible mechanism to explain the phenomena was proposed. The method may be developed into a new technique for controlling diesel combustion and exhaust emis-sions.     

A thermally self-sustained micro solid-oxide fuel-cell stack with high power density

High energy efficiency and energy density, together with rapid refuelling capability, render fuel cells highly attractive for portable power generation. Accordingly, polymer-electrolyte direct-methanol fuel cells are of increasing interest as possible alternatives to Li ion batteries. However, such fuel cells face several design challenges and cannot operate with hydrocarbon fuels of higher energy density. Solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) enable direct use of higher hydrocarbons, but have not been seriously considered for portable applications because of thermal management difficulties at small scales, slow start-up and poor thermal cyclability. Here we demonstrate a thermally self-sustaining micro-SOFC stack with high power output and rapid start-up by using single chamber operation on propane fuel. The catalytic oxidation reactions supply sufficient thermal energy to maintain the fuel cells at 500-600 degrees C. A power output of approximately 350 mW (at 1.0 V) was obtained from a device with a total cathode area of only 1.42 cm2.     

可变截面涡轮增压器与废气再循环

以一台重型柴油机为试验对象,研究可变截面涡轮增压器(VGT)和废气再循环(EGR)阀门开度对柴油机增压比、空燃比、燃油消耗率及NO_x,CO,HC,CO2和烟度等排放特性的影响.研究结果表明,随着EGR阀门开度的增大,增压比、空燃比降低,经济性变差.EGR阀门开度和VGT阀门开度对NO_x排放影响很大,随EGR阀门开度和VGT阀门开度增大,NO_x排放的体积分数显著降低,但HC,CO,CO2的体积分数和烟度升高.为实现降低NO_x排放的同时控制燃油消耗率和烟度的升高,可在中等负荷时选择EGR阀门开度50%、VGT阀门开度45%的控制策略;在高负荷时选择EGR阀门开度75%、VGT阀门开度55%的控制策略.     

低热值气体燃料掺氢火焰稳定性的研究

基于直接数值模拟方法和详细化学反应机理研究了流体动力学不稳定性和热-质扩散不稳定性共同作用下的低热值气体燃料掺氢胞状火焰的发展和演变过程.建立了多组分气体燃料燃烧控制方程,获得了不稳定性作用下的低热值气体燃料掺氢胞状火焰的多种演变形式:胞的分裂、局部熄灭、二次熄灭和再燃.研究结果表明随着燃料中H2的增加,胞状火焰出现的时间提前,火焰胞的幅值增加.随着燃料中CO2的增加,火焰的不稳定性受到抑制.低热值气体燃料掺氢火焰在不稳定时会出现火焰胞的分裂、局部熄灭和再燃等3种动力学形态.胞的二次熄灭只发生在热-质扩散不稳定性较强的稀燃H2/空气火焰中.     

A class of non-precious metal composite catalysts for fuel cells

Fuel cells, as devices for direct conversion of the chemical energy of a fuel into electricity by electrochemical reactions, are among the key enabling technologies for the transition to a hydrogen-based economy. Of several different types of fuel cells under development today, polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) have been recognized as a potential future power source for zero-emission vehicles. However, to become commercially viable, PEFCs have to overcome the barrier of high catalyst cost caused by the exclusive use of platinum and platinum-based catalysts in the fuel-cell electrodes. Here we demonstrate a new class of low-cost (non-precious metal)/(heteroatomic polymer) nanocomposite catalysts for the PEFC cathode, capable of combining high oxygen-reduction activity with good performance durability. Without any optimization, the cobalt-polypyrrole composite catalyst enables power densities of about 0.15 W cm(-2) in H2-O2 fuel cells and displays no signs of performance degradation for more than 100 hours. The results of this study show that heteroatomic polymers can be used not only to stabilize the non-precious metal in the acidic environment of the PEFC cathode but also to generate active sites for oxygen reduction reaction.     

燃油磁化对发动机排放与节能影响的试验研究

汽车尾气中有害气体排放物对环境的污染日益严重,而车辆发动机所用燃油的特性对排放效果有直接影响,燃油磁化作用可以通过改变燃油特性,影响燃烧过程,从而降低发动机有害气体的排放量。文中对装夹于化油器入口处和悬浮于油箱中两种类型的燃油磁化方式与无磁化状况分别进行了对比试验。结果表明：两种磁化方法均使CO减少,悬浮油液的磁化方式对HC的排放效果没有明显影响,燃油经济性随工况的变化而变化;而将磁化器装夹于化油器入口处时,HC排放量和燃油经济性均有一定的改善。磁化对动力性能影响不明显。     

家用生物质颗粒燃料炉的试验研究

利用DR230型温度智能巡检仪等试验仪器,测定了家用生物质颗粒燃料炉在不同成型燃料下的多个热性能参数。试验结果表明:不同成型燃料燃烧的结果差别不大,燃料适应性强;生物质成型颗粒燃料炉所排烟中CO,NOx、烟尘浓度等环保指标远远低于燃煤炉,符合国家工业锅炉大气污染物排放标准要求。     

直接甲醇燃料电池测试系统的搭建与调试

为了系统研究直接甲醇燃料电池的电性能,以及电池的传热传质现象、气液两相流规律,设计并搭建了用于测试液态进料直接甲醇燃料电池的实验系统。文中简要介绍整个实验系统,并详尽给出实验系统的调试方法。整个实验系统可根据要求调整工况,可配合可视化系统对不同工况下直接甲醇燃料电池的气液两相流进行研究。     

Present status and future prospect of design of Pt–cerium oxide electrodes for fuel cell applications

In the research field of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, the design of electrocatalytic activities on Pt-oxide promoter in the anode side has attracted attention for improvement of CO tolerance of Pt in anode side and a lowering of large over-potential loss of the oxygen reduction reaction on the cathode in the fuel cells. In the Pt-oxide promoter series, Pt–CeOx/C is one of the unique systems. It is because the unique behavior of CeOx such as electrochemical redox reaction between Ce3t and Ce4t in the anodic and cathodic reactions of fuel cell is observed. The present short review gives an overview of the recent works for improvement of the CO tolerance of Pt in the Pt–CeOx/C anodes and enhancement of the oxygen reduction reaction activity on Pt in the Pt–CeOx/C cathodes for fuel cell application. To show the design paradigm for fabrication of high quality Pt–CeOx/C electrodes, the authors re-introduced parts of our research results to highlight the important role of interface structure of Pt–CeOx based on the ultimate analysis results. The usefulness of the combined approach of microanalysis and the processing route design is presented.     

蔗糖水溶液乳化柴油对发动机性能的影响研究*

在一台双缸直喷式柴油机上,对燃烧蔗糖水溶液乳化柴油时发动机的燃油经济性和排放性进行试验。分析结果表明:在柴油机参数不做改变的情况下,与纯柴油相比,蔗糖水溶液乳化柴油的动力性有所下降,当量燃油消耗率和碳烟以及CO排放量在中高负荷工况下都有明显降低,NOx排放在各种工况下都显著降低;但HC的排放量增加。与乳化柴油相比,蔗糖水溶液乳化柴油的动力性升高,当量燃油消耗率和碳烟以及CO排放量在中低负荷时有所增加,大负荷时明显降低;NOx的排放量在中小负荷时明显减少,大负荷时略有增加,HC排放在各种工况下都显著降低。     

气道喷射正庚烷缸内直喷异辛烷的分层充量压缩燃烧与排放特性

在一台单缸发动机上,通过进气道预喷正庚烷和上止点前缸内直喷异辛烷,对双燃料分层充量压缩燃烧(Stratified Charge Compression Ignition,SCCI)进行了试验研究.通过进气道预喷的正庚烷在进气行程形成均匀混合气并在上止点前发生两阶段反应,触发缸内直喷的异辛烷着火与燃烧,整个燃烧过程为分阶段燃烧,分析了不同负荷及预混合率时的燃烧与排放特性.结果表明:最大压力升高率为0.87 MPa/(°)时,最大平均指示压力(I MEP)可达到0.73 MPa,说明SCCI可以扩展运行负荷.预喷燃油量最大时的工况点,其NOx排放值较高;预喷正庚烷燃空当量比一定时,增加负荷,可以减小CO和THC的排放.