The sodium channel and intracellular H+ blockage in squid axons

Sodium channels in plasma membranes can be blocked by a large variety of toxins and local anaesthetics. This property, however, is not confined to relatively large molecules. For instance, extracellularly applied small ions like hydrogen may also prevent the passive transport of permeant cations across open Na+ channels. A typical feature of this phenomenon is that the blocking action of hydrogen is gradually relieved by increasing the voltage applied across the membrane. Although in the frog skeletal muscle there is no clear evidence for a similar intracellular action, we report here for the squid giant axon remarkable effects on the ionic permeability of Na+ channels when the internal perfusate contains an excess of protons. Analysing the action of low pH inside and outside the fibre in terms of a kinetic model, we could conclude that Na+ channels in squid axons are controlled by two independent groups: one with an apparent pKa of 4.6 and the other with pKa 5.8, the former feeling one-fifth of the applied membrane potential, the latter three-quarters. As with pharmacological agents, we also show that the voltage-dependence of the H+ blockage is not affected by the presence of the inactivation gate.     

Inhibition of nociceptors by TRPV1-mediated entry of impermeant sodium channel blockers

Most local anaesthetics used clinically are relatively hydrophobic molecules that gain access to their blocking site on the sodium channel by diffusing into or through the cell membrane. These anaesthetics block sodium channels and thereby the excitability of all neurons, not just sensory neurons. We tested the possibility of selectively blocking the excitability of primary sensory nociceptor (pain-sensing) neurons by introducing the charged, membrane-impermeant lidocaine derivative QX-314 through the pore of the noxious-heat-sensitive TRPV1 channel. Here we show that charged sodium-channel blockers can be targeted into nociceptors by the application of TRPV1 agonists to produce a pain-specific local anaesthesia. QX-314 applied externally had no effect on the activity of sodium channels in small sensory neurons when applied alone, but when applied in the presence of the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin, QX-314 blocked sodium channels and inhibited excitability. Inhibition by co-applied QX-314 and capsaicin was restricted to neurons expressing TRPV1. Injection of QX-314 together with capsaicin into rat hindpaws produced a long-lasting (more than 2 h) increase in mechanical and thermal nociceptive thresholds. Long-lasting decreases in pain sensitivity were also seen with regional injection of QX-314 and capsaicin near the sciatic nerve; however, in contrast to the effect of lidocaine, the application of QX-314 and capsaicin together was not accompanied by motor or tactile deficits.     

细胞膜上的离子通道

离子通道是细胞膜上控制离子进出的功能蛋白,在细胞生命活动中发挥重要作用．离子通道具有对离子的选择性、通透的饱和性和开关的可控制性等特点;膜电压的变化、机械刺激和某些信号分子都可以调控离子通道开关;离子通道担负着离子吸收、渗透压调控、电冲动的形成和信号转导等重要的生理功能．离子通道的结构或功能失常会导致一些严重的疾病,对离子通道进行研究,寻找和设计调控离子通道的有效药物是治疗相关疾病的重要手段。     

磁流变液可控多流道悬置隔振性能仿真分析

设计一种动刚度和阻尼可调的磁流变液可控多流道悬置.首先,建立多惯性通道液压悬置模型,数值仿真不同的流道数量对悬置动刚度和滞后角的影响;然后,建立磁流变液可控多流道悬置模型,通过实验验证可控多流道可以控制流道的开闭;最后,分析磁流变液可控多流道悬置不同流道开闭的动态特性变化.结果表明:对不同的流道分别施加磁场作用可使悬置的动刚度、阻尼可调和力的传递率最小;已知激励频率,根据可控区域实时控制流道数量,可获得最佳隔振性能.     

傅里叶红外光谱法在肿瘤分析中的应用

综述了傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)在鉴定癌症中的应用研究进展.目前,对其诊断主要是依靠病理学诊断,但是病理学诊断不仅过程烦琐,而且常受人为因素影响.傅里叶红外光谱及其相关技术的迅速发展,使其越来越广泛用于蛋白质,核酸等生物大分子的结构研究上,同时已开始更深入地应用于研究细胞和组织等更加复杂的体系.研究结果表明,FTIR可以从分子水平上揭示肿瘤组织的特性,极有可能发展成为一种可定量化地鉴定肿瘤的手段.     

水驱砂岩油藏孔喉结构变化的三维网络模拟

以长期水驱实验为基础,建立了等效水驱砂岩储层孔喉结构变化的三维网络模拟模型,结合三维微粒运移机制和有限差分求解方法,得到了长期水驱砂岩油藏孔喉结构变化规律：（1） 冲刷后喉道半径呈增加趋势,喉道半径变化范围变大,极小喉道半径呈微弱减小趋势;（2） 孔隙网络模型中冲刷半径扩大的孔道分布形式与原始孔隙网络结构密切相关,并非所有的大孔道都串联起来贯穿岩芯孔隙网络的两个端面,但入口端和出口端部分大孔道相互连通,形成端面上的大孔道网络群。网络模拟注水结果结合采油井测试,可为注水剖面的调整提供更加可靠的依据。     

二维井间电磁场的正反演计算

提出了一种改进的逐次逼近解法 ,并用该方法对轴对称二维井间电磁场进行了正反演计算。与逐次逼近解法相比 ,该方法收敛性强 ,应用范围广 ,可适用于高电导率对比地层。与直接求解积分方程相比 ,由于不必进行直接的大型复矩阵求逆运算 ,该方法计算速度快 ,所需内存少。反演中采用了Born迭代算法 ,将成像区域集中于一定范围内。考虑到信息量和计算机内存的限制 ,采用双重面元分割法 ,将反演区域分割为一定数目的大面元 ,每个大面元被分割为几个小面元。属于同一大面元的不同小面元具有不同的磁矢势 ,但具有相同的电导率 ,从而减少了反演过程中未知量的数目。根据第一次成像结果确定出更准确的成像范围 ,并进行第二次成像。数值计算结果表明 ,改进的逐次逼近解法是计算二维井间电磁场的一种有效方法 ,将该方法用于反演过程能够得到较高分辨率的二维井间电导率图像。     

Similarity of the product of the Drosophila neurogenic gene big brain to transmembrane channel proteins.

Cells in the neurogenic region of Drosophila embryos are initially bipotential; they can become either neuroblasts or epidermoblasts. Cell-cell interaction seems to play an important part in this developmental decision, which involves the function of a group of genes (the neurogenic genes). Loss-of-function mutations in any of the neurogenic genes result in nervous system hyperplasia and epidermal hypoplasia. Of the six known zygotic neurogenic genes, big brain (bib) is unique in several aspects. Most notably, all the other known neurogenic genes seem to fit into a cascade defined by genetic interactions, whereas bib does not show any detectable interaction with them. To understand how bib functions, we have now cloned the bib genomic and complementary DNAs. The predicted bib product shows significant sequence similarity to a family of transmembrane proteins, some of which form channels permeable to small molecules. Together with genetic studies, our results indicate that the bib product may mediate intercellular communication in a pathway separate from the one involving the products of the other neurogenic genes.     

泾河流域水系分维特征及其生态意义

应用地理信息系统(GIS)提取河流信息,并在此基础上改进了传统的计盒方法,将其应用于泾河流域水系分形分析.同时探讨了分维数同流域地形、地貌、侵蚀程度、植被因子之间的相互关系.分形分析为流域水文学提供了新的研究方法.     

不同取代基团对胍基官能团结构与理化性质影响的理论研究

利用杂化的密度泛函方法从理论上研究了不同胍基衍生物的几何结构、电子结构、轨道分布、离解能、化学势等理化性质,并对各理化指标的计算结果进行了比较,比较发现,以适当的小原子基团代替原来体系中的大原子基团,可以在简化生物分子量化计算的同时,得到可信度很高的理论结果,计算结果还显示,对生物分子的简化遵循着一定的原则,需要一定的技巧。     

Calmodulin modulation of ion channels and receptors

Ion channels and receptors are the structural basis for neural signaling and transmission. Recently, the function of ion channels and receptors has been demonstrated to be modulated by many intracellular and extracellular chemicals and signaling molecules. Increasing evidence indicates that the complexity and plasticity of the function of central nervous system is determined by the modulation of ion channels and receptors. Among various mechanisms, Ca 2+ signaling pathways play important roles in neuronal activity and some pathological changes. Ca 2+ influx through ion channels and receptors can modulate its further influx in a feedback way or modulate other ion channels and receptors. The common feature of the modulation is that Ca 2+ /calmodulin (CaM) is the universal mediator. CaM maintains the coordination among ion channels/receptors and intracellular Ca 2+ homeostasis by feedback modulation of ion channels/receptors activity. This review focuses on the modulating processes of ion channels and receptors mediated by CaM, and further elucidates the mechanisms of Ca 2+ signaling.     

Calmodulin modulation of ion channels and receptors?

：Ion channels and receptors are the structural basis for neural signaling and transmission. Recently, the function of ion channels and receptors has been demonstrated to be modulated by many intracellular and extracellular chemicals and signaling molecules. Increasing evidence indicates that the complexity and plasticity of the function of central nervous system is determined by the modulation of ion channels and receptors. Among various mechanisms, Ca 2+ signaling pathways play important roles in neuronal activity and some pathological changes. Ca 2+ influx through ion channels and receptors can modulate its further influx in a feedback way or modulate other ion channels and receptors. The common feature of the modulation is that Ca 2+ /calmodulin (CaM) is the universal mediator. CaM maintains the coordination among ion channels/receptors and intracellular Ca 2+ homeostasis by feedback modulation of ion channels/receptors activity. This review focuses on the modulating processes of ion channels and receptors mediated by CaM, and further elucidates the mechanisms of Ca 2+ signaling.     

硅藻土助滤剂在头孢菌素C发酵液过滤中的应用研究

研究了硅藻土助滤剂在头孢菌素C发酵液过滤中的应用,并比较了粗、中、细3种不同粒度的硅藻土助滤剂使用中的不同性能指标,目的在于选择适宜的硅藻土助滤剂应用于生产,增加头孢菌素C收率,降低生产成本。实验结果表明:使用硅藻土助滤剂可以解决头孢菌素C发酵液直接过滤滤速慢、澄清度差、收率低的问题。通过实验比较,3种粒度的硅藻土助滤剂的滤过收率无明显差别,而粗、中粒度助滤剂的滤速较快,细粒度的助滤剂的滤液透光率较好。因此推断,中、细粒度助滤剂搭配使用应能在保证滤速的前提下提高透光率,满足生产要求。     

基于微流体芯片用于单个DNA分子检测的共焦激光诱发荧光系统

微流体分析中常用的荧光检测是一种模拟方式的测量,并且通常情况下测量信号的强度会随着分析物采样量的减少而减弱。本文构建了一种共焦光学系统的激光诱发荧光单分子检测仪器,可以进行单个脱氧核糖核酸分子的数字化测量,采用这种仪器检测可不依赖于样品的多少;对诱发激光的功率大小进行了优化,当诱发激光的功率为1 mW时信噪比最高,可达30;对用于制造微流体芯片的几种不同高分子基片材料也做了检验和比较,其中环烯烃共聚物具有极低的自发荧光背景,这对光子簇的识别非常有利,实验结果表明环烯烃共聚物是制造单分子检测微流体芯片的首选材料;这种单分子检测仪器能够对流经微流体通道的单个脱氧核糖核酸分子进行数字式甄别,其动态检测范围上至25 pmol/L,下至单个分子水平。本研究中对单分子检测实验所涉及的一些方面进行了考虑,这为单分子测量在更大范围内生物分析上更多的实际应用提供了依据。     

论中等城市地下空间开发利用的途径与措施

和大城市相比,我国数量众多的中等城市对开发利用城市地下空间资源的重要性还没有引起足够的重视.而经济发达地区的中等城市已经基本具备了适度开发利用地下空间的条件和实力.中等城市的地下空间开发利用能否顺利开展,关键是探索合适的途径和方法.本文针对中等城市的特点,从编制规划、立法控制、合理融资、有效管理、综合措施等方面对地下空间的开发利用进行了分析与探讨.     

Nanoscopic channel lattices with controlled anisotropic wetting

Engineered microscopic surface structures allow local control of physical surface properties such as adhesion, friction and wettability. These properties are related both to molecular interactions and the surface topology--for example, selective adsorption and molecular recognition capabilities require controlled anisotropy in the surface properties. Chemistry with extremely small amounts of material has become possible using liquid-guiding channels of sub-micrometre dimensions. Laterally structured surfaces with differing wettabilities may be produced using various techniques, such as microcontact printing, micromachining, photolithography and vapour deposition. Another strategy for introducing anisotropic texture is based on the use of the intrinsic material properties of stretched ultrathin polymer coatings. Here we present a fast and simple method to generate extended patterned surfaces with controlled wetting properties on the nanometre scale, without any lithographic processes. The technique utilizes wetting instabilities that occur when monomolecular layers are transferred onto a solid substrate. The modified surfaces can be used as templates for patterning a wide variety of molecules and nanoclusters into approximately parallel channels, with a spatial density of up to 20,000 cm(-1). We demonstrate the transport properties of these channels for attolitre quantities of liquid.     

供热网时滞过程中的一种自适应模糊控制器

针对供热网中大时滞现象 ,提出了一种新的模糊控制器结构 .这种模糊控制器通过在线辨识广义时滞 ,将时滞辨识的结果模糊化 ,决策出模糊规则组 ,填充主模糊规则表 ,达到自适应的目的 .作为应用 ,给出基于集中供热网温度控制的模糊控制器的设计 ,以解决控制对象中由大时滞和时变引起的不易控制和参数调整困难的问题     

凝胶色谱用于磺甲基酚醛树脂生产控制方法研究

应用凝胶色谱-紫外检测法对SMP聚合生产过程中的原料单体、反应过程中生成的小分子、低聚物及最终产品进行了凝胶色谱分离与紫外图谱解析，研究建立了凝胶色谱用于磺甲基酚醛树脂生产控制的方法．研究表明，使用SephadexG-10色谱柱，在0．01mol／L的NaOH溶液为流动相、柱温35℃、流速1.0mL／min等色谱条件下，大小分子的出峰时间分别为8．2min与13．4min，大小分子物质的分离比较彻底．利用凝胶色谱-紫外检测法分析苯酚类小分子凝胶色谱峰的位置变化和强度可以准确监控SMP生产中反应进行情况，小分子峰消失即为反应终点．该方法用于生产控制准确可靠，可以避免生产过程中过度磺化缩聚造成的分子量过高而水溶性降低或者反应不够充分造成的分子量过低、羟甲基含量高易热聚交联等现象，对于磺甲基化酚醛树脂工业化产品的质晕控制具有萤要意义．     

通用通讯缓冲存储收发装置

本文介绍一种用MCS-51单片机实现的通用通讯缓冲存储收发装置。该装置符合通用接口标准，具有完备的多种并串收发组合形式及其“海量”存储功能，是一种适用于数字设备和计算机之间通讯的智能设备。文章给出了该装置的硬件电路及软件设计。     

大数据下的结构性态监测信息管理系统设计与应用

论述了一种适用于处理海量监测数据的结构性态监测信息管理系统(MIMS)的设计方案.基于三层浏览器/服务器架构搭建软件系统,利用多服务器协同工作机制提升系统性能.应用大数据技术,充分考虑海量监测数据对数据管理系统的高要求,选用MongoDB数据库作为数据管理平台,论述了数据库结构和采用的数据格式.最后以宁波南站结构性态监测为例,展示了系统的实现效果.结果表明该系统具有很好的扩展性和通用性,每天可接收远程数据约10GB,能实现对海量监测数据的实时吞吐和高效组织管理.