TOWARDS REAL-TIME CUSTOMIZED MANAGEMENT OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND CHAINS

Our focus herein is on developing an effective taxonomy for the simultaneous and real-timemanagement of supply and demand chains.More specifically,the taxonomy is developed in terms ofits underpinning components and its research foci.From a components perspective,we first considerthe value chain of supplier,manufacturer,assembler,retailer,and customer,and then develop aconsistent set of definitions for supply and demand chains based on the location of the customer orderpenetration point.From a research perspective,we classify the methods that are employed in themanagement of these chains,based on whether supply and/or demand are flexible or fixed.Interestingly,our taxonomy highlights a very critical research area at which both supply and demandare flexible,thus manageable.Simultaneous management of supply and demand chains sets the stagefor mass customization which is concerned with meeting the needs of an individualized customermarket.Simultaneous and real-time management of supply and demand chains set     

The next industrial revolution: Integrated services and goods

The outputs or products of an economy can be divided into services products and goods products (due to manufacturing,construction,agriculture and mining).To date,the services and goods products have,for the most part,been separately mass produced.However,in contrast to the first and second industrial revolutions which respectively focused on the development and the mass production of goods,the next - or third - industrial revolution is focused on the integration of services and/or goods; it is beginning in this second decade of the 21st Century.The Third Industrial Revolution(TIR) is based on the confluence of three major technological enablers(i.e.,big data analytics,adaptive services and digital manufacturing);they underpin the integration or mass customization of services and/or goods.As detailed in an earlier paper,we regard mass customization as the simultaneous and real-time management of supply and demand chains,based on a taxonomy that can be defined in terms of its underpinning component and management foci.The benefits of real-time mass customization cannot be over-stated as goods and services become indistinguishable and are co-produced - as "servgoods" - in real-time,resulting in an overwhelming economic advantage to the industrialized countries where the consuming customers are at the same time the co-producing producers.     

客户低估服务价值情境下混合产品定价策略

针对服务价值初始被客户低估的现象,若制造企业将产品服务集成并捆绑销售,将产生客户不愿为混合产品支付的问题,考虑客户对衍生服务价值感知的波动性,将客户购买混合产品的过程视为一个包含实物期权的多阶段动态投资规划,并通过贝叶斯统计估算客户服务价值感知的波动率,实现对混合产品的多阶段分割式定价,以好孩子旗下口袋车POKIT 2为例,验证了定价策略的可行性与有效性。研究表明:基于客户理解价值的定价策略使得供需交易更有灵活性;客户低估服务价值的持续时间决定了客户购买的价值理解;客户低估服务价值时,混合产品的总价大于客户未低估服务价值时混合产品的价格。     

收益共享协调机制下两阶段供应链提前期压缩的博弈分析

提前期压缩可以使供应链柔性增大、库存成本减少和供应链收益增加.提前期压缩所增加收益的合理分配对供应链成员间的合作伙伴关系的维护和加强起着关键性作用.建立了基于收益共享协调机制下的Stackelberg博弈模型,在制造商投资柔性设备压缩订货提前期给零售商带来的额外效益在供应链上下游间分享的情形下,分析了提前期压缩和零售商库存管理的决策问题.研究发现:在收益共享协调方式下,零售商先行动公布收益分享比例激励制造商进行合理的订货提前期压缩,供应链整体及上下游的收益均要高于订货提前期压缩前;提前期压缩比例和收益共享比例与零售商的终端需求、订货批量等库存管理参数等有着紧密联系.     

钢铁企业交叉销售模型的研究与应用

在成熟的市场经济条件下,企业经营的出发点是市场,即客户的需求.钢铁产品作为生产资料,其交易行为有着与消费品不同的特征,正确认识钢铁产品交易行为特征,加强客户关系管理,有利于钢铁生产企业提高市场竞争力.针对此需要,在分析钢铁产品交易行为特征的基础上,提出了钢铁企业交叉销售模型,并对其构建过程和关键技术进行了深入研究,最后应用在某钢铁企业中,为企业制定交叉销售策略提供了科学的决策依据,并取得了良好的效果.     

大批量定制生产与敏捷制造方式的比较

大批量定制生产方式和敏捷制造方式都力图实现以大批量的效益进行定制产品生产。介绍了敏捷制造方式，分析了大批量定制生产方式的特点，并比较了这两种方式的异同点。讨论了如何在我国发展大批量定制生产与敏捷制造方式的问题。     

两类市场结构下企业生产方式选择决策

在当今产品日益多样化及交付期日益缩短的市场需求环境下,选择传统大量生产方式还是大规模定制生产方式来组织生产已成为大多数企业面临的迫切课题.针对此课题,分别构建了完全垄断与双寡头垄断两类市场结构下的企业利润模型,并运用子博弈精炼纳什均衡的有效求解方法--逆向归纳法,对完全垄断市场结构下大量生产方式决策和大规模定制生产方式决策、双寡头垄断市场结构下大量生产方式与大规模定制生产方式不同组合决策问题进行了系统分析与求解,得出了各种不同条件下的企业生产方式选择方案.研究成果为企业在两类市场结构下生产方式选择决策提供了理论与方法支持.     

On integration and adaptation in complex service systems

The services sector employs a large and growing proportion of workers in the industrialized nations, and it is increasingly dependent on information and communication technologies. While the interdependences, similarities and complementarities of manufacturing and services are significant, there are considerable differences between goods and services, including the shift in focus from mass production to mass customization （whereby a service is produced and delivered in response to a customer＇s stated or imputed needs）. In general, services can be considered to be knowledge-intensive agents or components which work together as providers and consumers to create or co-produce value. Like manufacturing systems, an efficient service system must be an integrated system of systems, leading to greater connectivity and interdependence. Integration must occur over the physical, temporal, organizational and functional dimensions, and must include methods concerned with the component, the management, and the system. Moreover, an effective service system must also be an adaptable system, leading to greater value and responsiveness. Adaptation must occur over the dimensions of monitoring, feedback, cybernetics and learning, and must include methods concerned with space, time, and system. In sum, service systems are indeed complex, especially due to the uncertainties associated with the human-centered aspects of such systems. Moreover, the system complexities can only be dealt with methods that enhance system integration and adaptation. The paper concludes with several insights, including a plea to shift the current misplaced focus on developing a science or discipline for services to further developing a systems engineering approach to services, an approach based on the integration and adaptation of a host of sciences or disciplines （e.g., physics, mathematics, statistics, psychology, sociology, etc.）. In fact, what is required is a services-related transdisciplinary - beyond a single disciplinary - ontology or taxon     

双渠道信息产品供应链需求扰动研究

针对单个制造商和单个零售商构成的双渠道信息产品供应链系统,构建了需求扰动前后,以制造商为主导的双渠道信息产品供应链Stackelberg博弈模型,分析了需求扰动前后,集中式和分散式双渠道信息产品供应链定价和决策。通过求解最优化问题的Karush-Kuhn-Tucker条件,发现需求扰动对信息产品供应链的影响。说明无需求扰动时,双渠道信息产品供应链的利润受市场规模的影响,且零售渠道弹性较强。需求扰动发生时,双渠道信息产品供应链的利润随着扰动单调变化;分散式信息产品供应链通过收益共享合约,制定批发价格能够有效地协调信息产品供应链。     

MC模式下多属性产品的生产指派问题

企业由于自身生产能力的限制，在实施大规模定制模式的时候，不可能对用户的需求进行一对一的满足，而只能针对已经存在的顾客的个性化需求，根据自身的生产能力和规模，以满足顾客的需求为目标，对生产进行合理的安排，论文将其归结为生产的指派问题，并将用户的需求和企业的产出量化，通过提出的一个模型给以解决，最后通过一个算例，得出该企业生产的合理安排，在实际中有一定的借鉴意义。     

INTERNET OF CONNECTED SERVGOODS:CONSIDERATIONS,CONSEQUENCES AND CONCERNS

In an earlier paper(Tien 2012),the author augurs that,in contrast to the first and second industrial revolutions which respectively focused on the development and the mass production of goods,the next-or third-industrial revolution is focused on the integration of services and/or goods;it began in this second decade of the 21 st Century.The Third Industrial Revolution(TIR) is underpinned by the integration or mass customization of services and/or goods.The benefits of real-time mass customization cannot be over-stated as goods and services become indistinguishable and are co-produced as "ServGoods",resulting in an overwhelming economic advantage to the industrialized countries where the consuming customers are at the same time the co-producing producers.Adding sensors to these ServGoods and letting them connect or communicate among themselves or with other ServGoods can result in an Internet of Things(i.e.,connected ServGoods).A number of considerations,consequences and concerns relating to such an Internet of Connected ServGoods are discussed herein.     

SERVICE VALUE NETWORKS： VALUE, PERFORMANCE AND STRATEGY FOR THE SERVICES INDUSTRY

1. Introduction The services industry provides services notgoods (Hughes and Mitchell et al., 1993). Thisindustry is moving towards globalization(Kathawala and Abdou, 2003). In 1870 theservice sector employed slightly more than 20%of the U.S.…     

基于云计算的大规模定制客户需求响应模型及其节点的选择与分布

云计算为大规模定制解决个性化定制和模块化生产的融合提供了现实的依据和信息技术上的支持.通过分析云计算平台体系架构和大规模定制客户需求响应服务的特点,研究了大规模定制中为了有效处理客户需求信息该如何选择与分布云计算平台中的关键节点的问题,提出了基于云计算的大规模定制客户需求响应模型,并提出一种以客户需求关联度为衡量指标的关键节点确定算法.     

批量客户化生产方式的基本概念与实施方法

论述了批量客户化生产（MassCustomization：MC）的基本概念和它在世界上的兴起,总结归纳了在产品不同的生命周期阶段（设计、制造、装配、供应链和销售服务）实现客户化生产的基本方法然后提出了企业实施MC的总体规划方法和32种可供选择的MC模式,以及经营过程重构是广大中国企业当前实施MC的有效途径的观点,并给出了重构的思路最后,提出并讨论了企业实现MC的5个支持条件：1）重塑经营理念;2）建立企业内各部门、以及企业之间的合作机制;3）建立灵活的企业组织结构;4）建立良好的技术支撑体系;和5）建立良好的员工队伍．希望本文能为我国学术界和企业界开创批量客户化生产方式的研究和实施提供新思路．     

基于客户满意的层级供应链优化模型及算法

基于客户满意度和企业利润这对矛盾,建立了一个层级供应链0-1混合整数规划模型。模型以供应链各相邻层节点之间的供需量和客户对各种产品的期望满意度为决策变量,以供应链总利润最大为目标。模型存在着两级优化问题,首先要从候选节点企业选中部分加入供应链网络,然后再确定相邻层节点企业之间的供需量和客户对产品的期望满意度。给出求解模型的混合遗传算法,并进行了数值实验,验证了优化模型的正确性和算法的有效性。     

柔性供应链中的三阶段期权型契约模型

消费者需求不确定性的上升导致企业预测需求成本不断增加,研究了在一类生产并销售生命周期较短产品的柔性供应链中,制造商和零售商之间的期权型订货契约问题。采用三阶段动态优化模型描述零售商的柔性采购策略,然后,解出零售商的最优决策,并在理论上证明了期权契约的有效性。最后,分析了产品生命周期、制造商生产能力和市场信息质量对零售商最优决策的影响。     

Coordinating production and recycling decisions with stochastic demand and return

In this paper, the joint production and recycling problem is investigated for a hybrid manufacturing and remanufacturing system where brand-new products are produced in the manufacturing plant and recycled products are remanufactured into as-new products in the remanufacturing facility. Both the brand-new products and remanufactured products are used to satisfy customer demands. Returns of used products that are recycled from customers are assumed to be stochastic and nonlinearly price-dependent. A mathematical model is proposed to maximize the overall profit of the system through simultaneously optimizing the production and recycling decisions, subject to two capacity constraints — the manufacturing capacity and the remanufacturing capacity. Based on Lagrangian relaxation method, subgradient algorithm and heuristic algorithm, a solution approach is developed to solve the problem. A representative example is presented to illustrate the system, and managerial analysis indicates that the uncertainties in demand and return have much influence on the production and recycling policy. In addition, twenty randomly produced examples are solved, and computational results show that the solution approach can obtain very good solutions for all examples in reasonable time.     

客户服务型供应链生产计划体系

随着市场竞争的日益加剧,企业之间的竞争逐步发展成供应链之间的竞争,供应链企业需要有统一协调的生产计划系统,衔接各企业的生产活动,对整个供应链的生产环节进行计划、跟踪与控制.由于市场需求的不确定性、客户个性化要求越来越高、信息技术的作用日益显现,传统的供应链计划不能满足竞争的需要.本文在回顾传统计划、MRP计划、供应链计划体系的基础上,提出了客户服务型供应链计划体系.这一体系通过建立客户、供应商、制造商、分销商共享的计划平台,在订单受理、生产计划确定过程中实现两级优化,使得所有供应链成员企业都可以面对最终客户,成员企业建立彼此平等的伙伴关系,客户需求可以得到最大程度的满足,从而提高整个供应链的运行效率.     

考虑长效作用的竞争供应链合作广告决策分析

地方性广告存在损害顾客忠诚度和降低品牌形象的情形.为分析制造商以成本分担形式开展合作广告的前提条件,以及合作广告对消费者需求和供应链成员收益的影响,以两条"单个制造商-单个零售商"组成的竞争供应链为对象,构建了供应链之间的Nash博弈和供应链内零售商为领导者的Stackelberg博弈模型,通过考虑广告长效作用,对两个销售周期的合作广告和非合作广告博弈进行了综合比较分析.结果表明,制造商仅在广告负效用显著和商品替代率高的条件下开展合作广告;当商品替代性不显著时,合作广告可以有效提升需求,反之则降低需求;合作广告并不能提升零售商收益,但当商品替代率低时,可以改善制造商收益,同时提升供应链总收益.研究结果对地方性广告实践中的供应链成员决策具有指导意义.     

基于供应商满意度与模糊能力的服务大规模定制供应链调度优化

稳定多样的服务资源是服务大规模定制绩效的重要保障，服务集成商不单要重视客户需求，还要注重提高供应商满意度，从而吸引更多服务资源整合到服务供应链中。供应商满意度被分解为订单需求偏好和协调配合程度两个维度，并从服务供应链的集成特性和供应商相互制约特性出发，论述了其对服务大规模定制模式下供应链调度方案的重要影响。服务供应商的需求偏好与动态联盟造成供应商服务能力的不确定性。构建基于供应商满意度与模糊能力的多目标、多阶段供应链调度优化模型和求解算法。模型较好地模拟了服务定制订单的复杂性与服务能力的不确定性，算例分析验证了模型与算法的有效性。