青钱柳天然群体间木材微纤丝角的地理变异趋势

【目的】青钱柳是我国特有的单种属植物,是一种很有开发利用前景的珍贵树种。研究青钱柳木材微纤丝角变异规律,可为用材林优良基因筛选提供依据。【方法】以不同地理分布的青钱柳种源为研究对象,通过钻取木芯并采用X-射线衍射法探讨了青钱柳木材微纤丝角的地理变异的和径向变异规律。【结果】22个青钱柳地理种源木材微纤丝角存在显著差异。21年生木材平均微纤丝角为15.8°,变异幅度在13.4°～20.1°。其中四川沐川种源的平均微纤丝角最小,比22个种源微纤丝角的平均值低15.2%,广西桂林种源的平均微纤丝角最大,高出所测试种源平均值27.2%。青钱柳微纤丝角受经度和纬度双重因素影响,在经度上以112°E为中心,向东西两边递减; 在纬度上呈现出以29°N为中心,向南北两边递增的趋势。随着生长轮年龄的增大,微纤丝角呈现递减的变化趋势,用指数曲线描述微纤丝角与树龄的回归关系最为合适。【结论】多重比较结果表明,15年生后青钱柳木材微纤丝角趋于稳定,可作为青钱柳用材林优良基因型筛选的依据之一。     

青钱柳幼龄期生长与木材性状表现及其性状相关分析

为进行材用青钱柳优良家系的早期选择,以4年生的青钱柳7个家系为试验对象,开展了青钱柳幼龄期生长速率、微纤丝角、基本密度及结晶度家系间变异的研究。结果表明,青钱柳早期的胸径生长、微纤丝角、木材的基本密度和木材结晶度在家系之间都存在显著差异。不同家系青钱柳的平均胸径在4.93~6.47 cm之间;微纤丝角的变异幅度为19.0°~30.6°,且随着年龄的增大,微纤丝角呈现递减的变化趋势;木材基本密度和结晶度的变化范围分别为0.441~0.547 g/cm3和37.63%~46.62%。胸径生长和木材性质的变异主要来源于种源。相关分析表明:胸径生长与基本密度呈现微弱负相关,与结晶度呈极显著负相关,与微纤丝角呈显著正相关;而木材性质中除结晶度和微纤丝角呈极显著负相关外,其他木材性质间相关性较弱。因此,在种源层次进行材用青钱柳优良家系的选择可能更加有效。     

青钱柳幼龄期生长与木材性状表现及其性状相关分析

为进行材用青钱柳优良家系的早期选择,以4年生的青钱柳7个家系为试验对象,开展了青钱柳幼龄期生长速率、微纤丝角、基本密度及结晶度家系间变异的研究。结果表明,青钱柳早期的胸径生长、微纤丝角、木材的基本密度和木材结晶度在家系之间都存在显著差异。不同家系青钱柳的平均胸径在4.93~6.47 cm之间;微纤丝角的变异幅度为19.0°~30.6°,且随着年龄的增大,微纤丝角呈现递减的变化趋势;木材基本密度和结晶度的变化范围分别为0.441~0.547 g/cm3和37.63%~46.62%。胸径生长和木材性质的变异主要来源于种源。相关分析表明:胸径生长与基本密度呈现微弱负相关,与结晶度呈极显著负相关,与微纤丝角呈显著正相关;而木材性质中除结晶度和微纤丝角呈极显著负相关外,其他木材性质间相关性较弱。因此,在种源层次进行材用青钱柳优良家系的选择可能更加有效。     

木材微纤丝角和密度与弹性模量的关系

利用SilviScan系统测量了美国白橡(Quercus alba)与红橡(Quercus rubra)不同年轮木材的微纤丝角和密度,并计算得到相应的纵向弹性模量值。红橡木材样品的弹性模量平均值为16.34 GPa,高于白橡的(13.11 GPa),并且从心材到边材方向上无明显的变化。而白橡木材样品中由于幼龄材的存在,距离髓心40 mm范围内,弹性模量值较低,相应的微纤丝角的值较高;从40 mm处到树皮方向变化不显著。沿所测量的径向方向45个年轮范围内,红橡木材样品的微纤丝角明显低于白橡木材样品。     

杉木无性系微纤丝角遗传变异的研究

对55个杉木无性系管胞微纤丝角的遗传变异进行了研究。结果表明，管胞微纤丝角在无性系间差异极显著；广义遗传力变化为0．734～0．867，微纤丝角无性系间的差异受很强的遗传控制；按10％的入选率，无性系选择的平均遗传增益为19．51％。无性系管胞微纤丝角自髓心向外随树龄的增加逐渐降低，第10年的微纤丝角比第1年的约小32．1％，方差分析表明，从第3年起，不同林龄微纤丝角之间的相关系数达到了极显著水平，说明对管胞微纤丝角进行早期选择是有效的。     

林分密度对南方型杨树木材性质的影响

就林分密度对南方型杨树材性的影响进行研究。研究结果表明：①林分密度对各无性系木材的纤维素含量影响规律不明显；②随林分密度增大，纤维长度有所增长，各级纤维频率趋于均匀，林分密度对纤维宽度与长宽比影响不显著；③林分密度对Ｓ_２层微纤丝角有显著影响，Ｓ_２层微纤丝角随着林分密度的增大而减少；④木材相对结晶度随林分密度的增大而增大；⑤随着林分密度的增大，木材的冲击韧性降低，而气干密度逐渐增大。在４ｍ×４ｍ、５ｍ×５ｍ和６ｍ×６ｍ株行距的林分中，随林分密度增加其抗弯强度和弹性模量增大。而对木材的抗压强度影响不明显。     

毛竹材质生成过程中微纤丝角的变化

应用X射线衍射法对不同竹龄毛竹材的微纤丝角进行测定分析,探讨毛竹微纤丝角的生长发育规律。结果表明：各竹龄竹材细胞次生壁微纤丝角的径向变异规律呈现波动趋势,平均微纤丝角为9.4°,最大值和最小值分别为12.05°和7.61°,差值小于4.44°,微纤丝角从竹青到竹黄存在显著差异。竹材的微纤丝角从0.5~1.5 a呈增加趋势,而后几年呈下降趋势,到6.5年稍有回升,随后又下降,直至10.5年生竹材微纤丝角值又变得较大,竹龄对微纤丝角影响显著。竹秆的中部和下部平均微纤丝角分别为9.32°、9.39°和9.50°,随竹秆高度增加竹材微纤丝角逐渐减小,差异较显著。     

间歇性淹水对池杉木材管胞形态,纤丝角的影响

研究了间歇性淹水对池杉木材管胞形态,纤丝角的影响。结果表明,间歇性淹水使池杉木材管胞长度,管胞直径,管胞壁厚下降;对纤丝角影响不明显,经Ｔ检验,其差异在０．０５水平下,除管胞弦向直径,纤丝角外皆显著。     

黑杨派新无性系木材性状的遗传改良

<正>基本密度、纤维长度和微纤丝角在Ⅰ-69杨×小叶杨和Ⅰ-69杨×欧洲黑杨F_1无性系的测验群体中均具有广阔的遗传基础,并且相互之间的关系是独立的,表明选育一个密度大、纤维长、微纤丝排列紧密的优质材性基因型是可能的。木材性状株内变异模式揭示了树干利用率。基本密度水平变化呈“马鞍型”,是较理想的类型,纤维长度随年轮逐渐增大,平均纤维长度达到国际木材解剖学会规定的中级长度标准;微纤丝角从髓心到树皮是逐渐减小的。三个性状在垂直方向的变异对树干纵向利用率不会产生很大的影响。     

应用X射线衍射测定木材纤维的超微结构

<正>本文应用转靶x射线衍射仪,测定了马尾松木材不同部位纤维的品区长度、宽度及纤维素大分子链的取向因子;同时提出以(040)面衍射测定马尾松木材纤维平均微纤丝角的新方法。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with