你的性格易得哪类疾病

在心理学上,将人们性格特点常分为三种：A型、B型和C型,且每种性格行为类型均对应于相应的疾病类型。     

数字身份的异化问题探析

数字身份是网络时代人的一种新的身份类型,它建构于网络空间中,具有虚拟性、隐匿性、多重性和不稳定性的特征。数字身份的异化问题是主体在使用数字身份过程中产生的自我异化现象,主体沉溺于虚拟实践的体验或对多重的数字身份过分关注,具体表现为将数字身份塑造成虚拟自我以满足虚荣心或获取尊重,以数字身份倾吐隐私、过度宣泄情绪,以及以数字身份在网络上放纵个人行为、伤害他人或造成恶劣影响。数字身份的异化问题反映了主体在身份转换过程中的伦理困惑,直接影响了主体在网络社会中的价值判断和行为选择。     

你的性格易得哪类疾病

在心理学上，将人们性格特点常分为三种：A型、B型和C型，且每种性格行为类型均对应于相应的疾病类型。     

黑客的类型

由于黑客袭击网络的目的和目标并不一致,所以黑客行为的特点也不统一,据此我们可以将黑客分为不同的类型。1.恶作剧型这类黑客喜欢侵入一些较为著名的网站,并在网页上写入一些文字或贴上一些图片,以表达自己的好恶或显示自己对网络袭击的技术水平。这类侵入多为给站点开玩笑,或篡改站点的某些数据,愚弄普通访问用户。例如,黑客可能修改网页中待售商品的价格,使之大幅度降低,让消费者误以为价廉而大量订购。从而与站点产生纠纷;或者,可能会在网页上以一名少女的口气发布求爱信,     

基于网络与知识转移视角的跨国公司创新机制与优势构建研究

创新是企业、民族和国家持续发展的不竭动力。跨国公司的优势日益从传统的规模和资本优势转变为网络、知识转移与创新优势。本文从网络和知识转移的角度分析了跨国公司的四种基本创新模式，跨国公司与东道国创新主体之间关系的三种典型类型以及优势构建和转移的方式，分析了中国企业在新形势下面临的机遇和挑战并对中国企业如何应对这种挑战提出了一些政策建议。     

青少年"网络成瘾"的危害分析与预防

因为沉迷于网络游戏而模仿游戏中的角色从楼上跳下自杀,为戒除网瘾而将小指头砍断痛下决心,……伴随着网络的普及,网络成瘾症成为青少年新的精神疾病。据福建省精神卫生中心的专家介绍,网络成瘾与毒品成瘾、病理性赌博等具有类似的特点,对青少年身心健康危害很大,亟需做好各种预防工作。据福建省精神卫生中心林涌超医生介绍,网络成瘾症(IAD)也称病理性网络使用(PIU)。主要表现为:对网络有心理依赖感,不断增加上网时间;从上网行为中获得愉快和满足,下网后感觉不快;在个人现实生活中花很少的时间参与社会活动和与他人交往;以上网来逃避现实…     

网络聊天的主体行为定位

随着互联网在全球范围内的开通,人们有了选择与传统社会迥然不同的生存方式的机会,而网络聊天可以说是最具大众化和现代性的、奇特的"虚拟化生存"选择.对于网络聊天这种新的互动行为而言,有人认为它是一种潜在的解构权威、等级规范和社会边界的自由交流行为,而有人则认为是近似于游戏的、充斥着大量无责任感的行为.网络聊天究竟是一种纯粹的没有外部扭曲和约制的自由交流,还是参与者任意表演的"戏剧行为"?对此问题的回答,形成了两种不同的网络交往观和行为倾向.在本文中,我们尝试以哈贝马斯"交往行为"和戈夫曼的"戏剧呈现"行为理论为依据,对网络聊天这种全新的、数字化主体行为方式加以定位.不过,我们将不对网络聊天这一时尚行为的具体过程进行描述,虽然这是一个有趣的问题.为了使问题清楚明白,我们将从以下三个方面展开讨论:     

儿童攻击性行为产生原因及应对措施

<正>儿童的攻击性行为又叫侵犯行为,是指身体上攻击或者语言上的攻击故意给对方造成心理上的伤害。在此,为你介绍下儿童攻击性行为产生原因及应对措施。每个孩子在发展过程中都有不同程度的攻击性行为,攻击性行为是个体发展的一种不良倾向,往往会造成人与人之间的矛盾、冲突,不利于形成人际间的良好关系。幼儿产生攻击性行为的原因很多,通过观察、了解、分析,特为你介绍下儿童攻击性行为产生原因及应对措施。     

孤独有害身心

人的某些情感缺陷会阻碍人与人之间的吸引,妨碍人际关系的协调与合作关系,是社会心理学家的研究成果早就证明了的。比如:不尊重别人的人格,对生活和他人缺乏感情,过分自卑,具有偏激情绪与猜疑性格等等。而在这些情感缺陷中,又有一种常为青年人所患,对青年健康成长影响很大的缺陷:孤独感。孤独感在人的思想上、行为上的体现,大致有两种类型。一种是因为客观条件的制约,长期脱离人群的“有形”的孤独;一种是身处人群之中,但内心世界却与生活格格不入而造成的“无形”的孤独。有一种“有形”的孤独,比如远离人们生活中心的边疆哨所中的战士、长…     

论网络空间中的隐私权

隐私权是受法律保护的一种天赋权利.网络对隐私权的侵犯表现为对个人隐私的散布和传播、对个人隐私的直接侵害、对个人隐私进行窥探和监视.保护网络隐私权,就要增强隐私权保护意识;利用他律,进行必要的立法;加强自律,提高道德水准;加强对网络媒体的管理.社会必须努力平衡个人的隐私权与社会需要这两者之间的关系.     

Discovering the Principle of Finality in Computational Machines

In this essay we argue that the notion of machine necessarily includes its being designed for a purpose. Therefore, being a mechanical system is not enough for being a machine. Since the experimental scientific method excludes any consideration of finality on methodological grounds, it is then also insufficient to fully understand what machines are. Instead in order to understand a machine it is first required to understand its purpose, along with its structure, in clear parallel with Aristotle’s final and formal causes. Obviously, purpose and structure are not machine components that can physically interact with other components; nonetheless they are essential to understanding their operation. This casts an interesting light on the relationship between mind and body: for just as an artifact’s finality and structure explain its operation, so also consciousness is the explanation—not the efficient cause—of specifically human behavior. What machines and human beings have in common is that, in order to understand them, it is necessary to appeal to the principle of finality. Yet while finality is given and extrinsic in the case of machines, we human beings are characterized by the ability to self-propose our own ends. Since the principle of finality is essential to understanding the production of machines, the traditional view in modern Western philosophy that finality lies beyond the scope of objective/scientific knowledge should be rectified to allow for a genuine science of the artificial. We think a correct understanding of final causality will overcome current resistance to this principle.     

Understanding Scientific Inquiries of Galileo’s Formulation for the Law of Free Falling Motion

The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the role of abstraction and idealization in Galileo’s scientific inquiries into the law of free falling motion, and their importance in the history of science. Because there is no consensus on the use of the terms “abstraction” and “idealization” in the literature, it is necessary to distinguish between them at the outset. This paper will argue (1) for the importance of abstraction and idealization in physics and the theories and laws of physics constructed with abduction from observations and (2) that these theoretical laws of physics should be tested with deduction and induction thorough quasi-idealized entities rather than empirical results in the everyday world. Galileo’s work is linked to thought experiments in natural science. Galileo, using thought experiments based on idealization, persuaded others that what had been proven true for a ball on an inclined plane would be equally true for a ball falling through a vacuum.     

Constructivism: A ‘Next’ Area of Scientific Development?

Radical Constructivism has been defined as an‘unconventional approach to the problem ofknowledge and knowing’. Its unconventionalityis summarised by its claim that it isimpossible to attribute unique meaning toexperience – as no mind-independent yardstick canbe assumed to exist against which to identifyuniqueness, and hence to produce knowledge andknowing. In other words, it is claimed thatthere is no ‘reality’ that is knowable to allindividual knowers. This claim appearsindefensible by itself, as it does not explainwhy the successes of traditional science appearas such. However, it is defensible in thecontext of numerous failures to achieve uniqueattributions, or of the history of science.Even so, what is missing are concrete methodsand research designs. This often leaves RadicalConstructivism to be critical only, toconcentrate on justifying the impossibility ofsuccess without contributing itself.Where this is the case it reduces scientiststo individuals considered unable to communicatewith others on public (and unique)attributions-who may do so only by borrowingmethods from previous approaches. It is arguedthat a more valuable contribution is possibleif Radical Constructivism is seen as a responseto the challenge defined by frequent failuresof traditional approaches. The latter may beextended such that the extensions converge toRadical Constructivism. Such extensions arebased on reported observations, rather than onexperiences in general, and are to beattributed meanings – uniquely as well asnon-uniquely – by way of a collective. The lattershould allow its ‘actors’ to restrict whatmaintains the collective to what is observableto others, as well as use the collective torestrict their own observations. The study ofcollectives thus allows for the study ofrestrictions or values, and hence for includingsubjective or constructivist experiences beyond(reportable) observations.     

Newtonian Emanation, Spinozism, Measurement and the Baconian Origins of the Laws of Nature

The first two sections of this paper investigate what Newton could have meant in a now famous passage from “De Graviatione” (hereafter “DeGrav”) that “space is as it were an emanative effect of God.” First it offers a careful examination of the four key passages within DeGrav that bear on this. The paper shows that the internal logic of Newton’s argument permits several interpretations. In doing so, the paper calls attention to a Spinozistic strain in Newton’s thought. Second it sketches four interpretive options: (i) one approach is generic neo-Platonic; (ii) another approach is associated with the Cambridge Platonist, Henry More; a variant on this (ii*) emphasizes that Newton mixes Platonist and Epicurean themes; (iii) a necessitarian approach; (iv) an approach connected with Bacon’s efforts to reformulate a useful notion of form and laws of nature. Hitherto only the second and third options have received scholarly attention in scholarship on DeGrav. The paper offers new arguments to treat Newtonian emanation as a species of Baconian formal causation as articulated, especially, in the first few aphorisms of part two of Bacon’s New Organon. If we treat Newtonian emanation as a species of formal causation then the necessitarian reading can be combined with most of the Platonist elements that others have discerned in DeGrav, especially Newton’s commitment to doctrines of different degrees of reality as well as the manner in which the first existing being ‘transfers’ its qualities to space (as a kind of causa-sui). This can clarify the conceptual relationship between space and its formal cause in Newton as well as Newton’s commitment to the spatial extended-ness of all existing beings. While the first two sections of this paper engage with existing scholarly controversies, in the final section the paper argues that the recent focus on emanation has obscured the importance of Newton’s very interesting claims about existence and measurement in “DeGrav”. The paper argues that according to Newton God and other entities have the same kind of quantities of existence; Newton is concerned with how measurement clarifies the way of being of entities. Newton is not claiming that measurement reveals all aspects of an entity. But if we measure something then it exists as a magnitude in space and as a magnitude in time. This is why in DeGrav Newton’s conception of existence really helps to “lay truer foundations of the mechanical sciences.”     

反灭绝生物技术的伦理反思及立法应对

反灭绝生物技术是运用核转移克隆、基因编辑等技术复活灭绝动物的一类现代生物技术.在保护生物多样性及获取遗传资源的需求下,这一技术发展迅速.然而,反灭绝生物技术具有目的 正当性并不意味着其具有法律正当性,而法律正当性依赖于伦理正当性,故需对这类技术行为设定伦理边界,对复活对象和技术类型进行严格限制.同时,有必要明确责任归属...     

Social Autonomy and Heteronomy in the Age of ICT: The Digital <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pharmakon</Emphasis> and the (Dis)Empowerment of the General Intellect

‘The art of living with ICTs (information and communication technologies)’ today not only means finding new ways to cope, interact and create new lifestyles on the basis of the new digital (network) technologies individually, as ‘consumer-citizens’. It also means inventing new modes of living, producing and, not in the least place, struggling collectively, as workers and producers. As the so-called digital revolution unfolds in the context of a neoliberal cognitive and consumerist capitalism, its ‘innovations’ are predominantly employed to modulate and control both production processes and consumer behavior in view of the overall goal of extracting surplus value. Today, the digital networks overwhelmingly destroy social autonomy, instead engendering increasing social heteronomy and proletarianization. Yet it is these very networks themselves, as technical pharmaka in the sense of French ‘technophilosopher’ Bernard Stiegler, that can be employed as no other to struggle against this tendency. This paper briefly explores this possibility by reflecting upon current diagnoses of our ‘technological situation’ by some exemplary post-operaist Marxists from a Stieglerian, pharmacological perspective.     

Contemporary Epistemic Logic and the Lockean Thesis

This paper studies the Lockean thesis from the perspective of contemporary epistemic logic. The Lockean thesis states that belief can be defined as ‘sufficiently high degree of belief’. Its main problem is that it gives rise to a notion of belief which is not closed under conjunction. This problem is typical for classical epistemic logic: it is single-agent and static. I argue that from the perspective of contemporary epistemic logic, the Lockean thesis fares much better. I briefly mention that it can successfully be extended from single-agent to multi-agent settings. More importantly, I show that accepting the Lockean thesis (and a more sophisticated version for conditional beliefs) leads to a significant and unexpected unification in the dynamic behavior of (conditional) belief and high (conditional) probability with respect to public announcements. This constitutes a methodological argument in favor of the Lockean thesis. Furthermore, if one accepts Baltag’s Erlangen program for epistemology, this technical observation has even stronger philosophical implications: because belief and high probability display the same dynamic behavior, it is plausible that they are indeed one and the same epistemic notion.     

Configuring the Moral Self: Aristotle and Dewey

Focusing on the concept of “the moral self” this essay explores relationships between Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics and John Dewey’s moral pragmatism and tries to evaluate the extent to which in his work on ethics Aristotle may be considered a pragmatist. Aristotle foreshadows pragmatism, for example, in preferring virtue-based to rule-based ethics, in contending that the moral status of a person’s actions and the nature of the person’s selfhood are interdependent, and in stressing the key role of habits in character formation. Aristotle, however, may seem far from the status of pragmatist when he privileges the life of contemplation and posits a moral self that is more static than the one proposed by Dewey. This essay contends that if more attention is paid to Aristotle’s treatment of friendship and to his highlighting of the need for reciprocity then the moral self that emerges from Nicomachean Ethics becomes more dialectical and more at one with that proposed by the American pragmatist. Aristotle, then, may be regarded as setting Dewey on the path towards a model of moral self that is not only deeply concerned about the lives of others but that is also dependent on others for its own existence.     

从希尔伯特规划到数学的地图

希尔伯特规划的原初目的是为无穷数学辩护,然而为哥德尔不完全性定理所挫。反推数学的根本目标是为数学命题找寻能够证明它的下限公理,而其中相当一部分工作可以看作为对希尔伯特规划的部分实现。本文在梳理有关工作的基础上试图为希尔伯特规划提供一个新的视角,即在绕开哲学负担之后,希尔伯特规划或许可以推进为为数学绘制地图。     

Multiple Roles for Analogies in the Genesis of Fluid Mechanics: How Analogies Can Cooperate with Other Heuristic Strategies

When Johann and Daniel Bernoulli founded fluid dynamics they encountered several problems. To go beyond the vision of Newtonian particles, a new set of images was needed in order to deal with the spatial extensibility and lack of form of fluids. I point to evidence that analogy was an essential abductive strategy in the creation of this imagery. But its heuristic behavior is complex: analogy can provide an initial model or proto-model that establishes the starting point of a theoretical process, but it can play other roles as well. The historical genesis analyzed here shows that the participation of analogy in physicists’ creativity is not so restricted and that its richness opens up the field for very different roles and strategies in model-based discovery processes. Analogies can crop up intermittently in the evolution of a theory; and they can cooperate with images, extreme case reasoning and thought experiments, and even activate these processes at origin. Although it may seem that the contributions of analogy are generative in the sense of helping to discover new aspects of reality, we must stress the evaluative function that sometimes is performed by analogical reasoning in order to gain confidence. The study of the Bernoulli’s genesis of the foundations of fluid dynamics generates interesting hypotheses about the multiple roles that analogy can play in scientific model-based reasoning.