超导量子比特中的Landau-Zener-Stckelberg干涉

超导量子比特是人工固态量子系统,在低温和弱耗散条件下,具有量子化的能级结构.这些能级之间的间隔可以随外加偏置电磁场连续变化,不同能级在某些偏置场可能形成量子系统中所特有的免交叉.最近研究成果表明,利用这些免交叉,可以在固态量子比特中实现Landau-Zener-Stckelberg（LZS）干涉,为测量系统的能谱、表征系统与环境的耦合、实现量子逻辑门、产生量子纠缠等提供了一个便捷的新手段.     

Coherent quantum state storage and transfer between two phase qubits via a resonant cavity

As with classical information processing, a quantum information processor requires bits (qubits) that can be independently addressed and read out, long-term memory elements to store arbitrary quantum states, and the ability to transfer quantum information through a coherent communication bus accessible to a large number of qubits. Superconducting qubits made with scalable microfabrication techniques are a promising candidate for the realization of a large-scale quantum information processor. Although these systems have successfully passed tests of coherent coupling for up to four qubits, communication of individual quantum states between superconducting qubits via a quantum bus has not yet been realized. Here, we perform an experiment demonstrating the ability to coherently transfer quantum states between two superconducting Josephson phase qubits through a quantum bus. This quantum bus is a resonant cavity formed by an open-ended superconducting transmission line of length 7 mm. After preparing an initial quantum state with the first qubit, this quantum information is transferred and stored as a nonclassical photon state of the resonant cavity, then retrieved later by the second qubit connected to the opposite end of the cavity. Beyond simple state transfer, these results suggest that a high-quality-factor superconducting cavity could also function as a useful short-term memory element. The basic architecture presented here can be expanded, offering the possibility for the coherent interaction of a large number of superconducting qubits.     

基于腔场耦合的超导比特的量子计算(英文)

利用超导量子比特实现量子计算在世界范围内备受理论界和实验界的关注.在这一体系中实现量子计算的明显好处是具有非常好的操控技术及容易集成化.过去10年实验的快速突破验证了体系的这些优势.在调节不同比特耦合方面,利用微波腔场耦合比特的平台已经建立起来.该综述将重点介绍如何形成等效的超导电荷比特、它和腔场的耦合,以及利用腔场耦合多个比特等内容.     

Generation of three-qubit entangled states using superconducting phase qubits

Entanglement is one of the key resources required for quantum computation, so the experimental creation and measurement of entangled states is of crucial importance for various physical implementations of quantum computers. In superconducting devices, two-qubit entangled states have been demonstrated and used to show violations of Bell's inequality and to implement simple quantum algorithms. Unlike the two-qubit case, where all maximally entangled two-qubit states are equivalent up to local changes of basis, three qubits can be entangled in two fundamentally different ways. These are typified by the states |GHZ>= (|000+?|111>)/ sqrt [2] and |W>= (|001>?+?|010>?+?|100>)/ sqrt [3]. Here we demonstrate the operation of three coupled superconducting phase qubits and use them to create and measure |GHZ> and |W>states. The states are fully characterized using quantum state tomography and are shown to satisfy entanglement witnesses, confirming that they are indeed examples of three-qubit entanglement and are not separable into mixtures of two-qubit entanglement.     

利用耦合超导量子比特实现受控U门

运用两量子比特非局域操作的几何表示理论,提出了利用射频脉冲作用下的耦合超导量子比特构建受控逻辑门(受控U门)的一个理论方案,并进一步推导出在电容耦合和自感耦合系统中构建受控U门时,其哈密顿量中的拉比频率所需要满足的条件.最后通过两量子比特控制相位门的实现说明该方案的可行性.     

Demonstration of conditional gate operation using superconducting charge qubits

Following the demonstration of coherent control of the quantum state of a superconducting charge qubit, a variety of qubits based on Josephson junctions have been implemented. Although such solid-state devices are not currently as advanced as microscopic qubits based on nuclear magnetic resonance and ion trap technologies, the potential scalability of the former systems--together with progress in their coherence times and read-out schemes--makes them strong candidates for the building block of a quantum computer. Recently, coherent oscillations and microwave spectroscopy of capacitively coupled superconducting qubits have been reported; the next challenging step towards quantum computation is the realization of logic gates. Here we demonstrate conditional gate operation using a pair of coupled superconducting charge qubits. Using a pulse technique, we prepare different input states and show that their amplitude can be transformed by controlled-NOT (C-NOT) gate operation, although the phase evolution during the gate operation remains to be clarified.     

Amplifying stationary quantum discord and entanglement between a superconducting qubit and a data bus by time-dependent electromagnetic field

We study the dynamics of quantum discord and entanglement between a superconducting qubit and a data bus,which is driven by a controllable time-dependent electromagnetic field,in the presence of phase decoherence and find that the quantum discord and entanglement remain at a stationary non-zero value for long time evolution.It is shown that the amount of stationary quantum discord and entanglement can be enhanced by applying the time-dependent electromagnetic field.     

开心乐园

公交车上人很多，没有空位。当一位女士上车时，坐在门边的男子想要站起来，但女士把他按回了座位上。“谢谢。”她说，“但请别为我让座，我完全可以站着。”“但是，夫人，请让我……”男子开口说。     

国际直线对撞机（ILC）高梯度射频超导加速腔研制

射频超导（sRF）加速技术已广泛应用于基于加速器的大科学装置．在国际直线对撞机和其他相关项目的推动下,近年来国际上多个射频超导实验室开展了高梯度射频超导加速腔的研制．在不断改进精密加工、电磁场调平、表面处理和电子束焊接等工艺流程的基础上,北京大学近期研制成功一只高质量9-cell超导加速腔,其加速梯度为32．6MV／m,品质因数大于1．0×10^10,性能指标全面达到国际直线对撞机（ILC）的要求．这表明我国已经掌握了高水平超导加速腔的研制技术,为未来参加ILC国际合作以及建设其他采用射频超导加速技术的大科学装置打下了良好基础．     

利用超导量子干涉仪制备N比特团簇态（英文）

利用两个超导量子干涉仪与腔场的相互作用,提出一种实现标准两比特量子相位门的方案。利用构造的两比特相位门,还提出了一种制备N比特团簇态的方案。在此方案中,量子信息被编码在两个超导量子干涉仪的相对稳定的基态上。在两个超导量子干涉仪与单模腔场的相互作用过程中,由于超导量子干涉比特的激发态被绝热地消去,激发态所引起的消相干得到了有效的抑制。此外,还讨论方案的实验可行性。     

基于多级前瞻式仿真的公交串车防治方法

公交串车是高频公交线路上常见的系统运行失效现象。由站间行程时间和站点停留时间不确定性引起的串车现象集中体现了公交系统的不稳定性。为了防治公交串车,提出了一类将公交车在站点滞留适当时间的控制方法。新方法基于公交线路仿真系统中多级前瞻式控制行为的演化来确定最佳控制行为。为了合理度量线路运行稳定性,并建立有效的控制行为代价函数,分别定义期望系统车头时距和动态环线车头时距。给出了利用滚动时域法将实地数据用于估计路段行程时间和站点乘客登车时间期望与方差的具体方法。数值算例验证了上述串车防治方法和控制行为代价函数的有效性。研究表明新方法不仅可以有效防止高频线路上串车现象的发生,也可有效减少乘客的平均候车时间。     

利用腔-QED进行两原子任意态量子隐态传输方案

基于腔QED技术,我们提出一种无需Bell态联合测量的两原子任意态量子隐态传输方案．在传输过种中,在一个强经典场驱动下,原子与非共振的单模腔场相互作用,对原子的分离测量来代替实验上难以实现的联合Bell态测量,且不受腔泄漏及环境热库的影响,     

Implementation of a Toffoli gate with superconducting circuits

The Toffoli gate is a three-quantum-bit (three-qubit) operation that inverts the state of a target qubit conditioned on the state of two control qubits. It makes universal reversible classical computation possible and, together with a Hadamard gate, forms a universal set of gates in quantum computation. It is also a key element in quantum error correction schemes. The Toffoli gate has been implemented in nuclear magnetic resonance, linear optics and ion trap systems. Experiments with superconducting qubits have also shown significant progress recently: two-qubit algorithms and two-qubit process tomography have been implemented, three-qubit entangled states have been prepared, first steps towards quantum teleportation have been taken and work on quantum computing architectures has been done. Implementation of the Toffoli gate with only single- and two-qubit gates requires six controlled-NOT gates and ten single-qubit operations, and has not been realized in any system owing to current limits on coherence. Here we implement a Toffoli gate with three superconducting transmon qubits coupled to a microwave resonator. By exploiting the third energy level of the transmon qubits, we have significantly reduced the number of elementary gates needed for the implementation of the Toffoli gate, relative to that required in theoretical proposals using only two-level systems. Using full process tomography and Monte Carlo process certification, we completely characterize the Toffoli gate acting on three independent qubits, measuring a fidelity of 68.5?±?0.5 per cent. A similar approach to realizing characteristic features of a Toffoli-class gate has been demonstrated with two qubits and a resonator and achieved a limited characterization considering only the phase fidelity. Our results reinforce the potential of macroscopic superconducting qubits for the implementation of complex quantum operations with the possibility of quantum error correction.     

超导粉末BSCCO单晶体本构行为

超导粉末B i2S r2C an-1CunO2n 1(BSCCO)的高致密度和强c-轴织构是形成B i-2223/A g高温超导带材较高临界电流密度的关键,传统的塑性理论很难模拟与预测晶体材料BSCCO的各向异性力学行为以及变形过程中的织构演化。采用率相关的晶体塑性理论,针对BSCCO低对称晶体结构的特点,通过在主方向上加运动约束,建立其弹塑性本构模型及数值积分过程,并利用ABAQU S/UM AT子程序进行二次开发,完整构建了基于晶体塑性理论的有限元数值分析平台。利用该平台,分析了双滑移系启动的典型变形模式。模拟结果表明,拉伸变形有助于BSCCO晶体内微裂纹的形成和扩展,而压缩变形则会抑制微裂纹的形成和扩展。     

Resolving photon number states in a superconducting circuit

Electromagnetic signals are always composed of photons, although in the circuit domain those signals are carried as voltages and currents on wires, and the discreteness of the photon's energy is usually not evident. However, by coupling a superconducting quantum bit (qubit) to signals on a microwave transmission line, it is possible to construct an integrated circuit in which the presence or absence of even a single photon can have a dramatic effect. Such a system can be described by circuit quantum electrodynamics (QED)-the circuit equivalent of cavity QED, where photons interact with atoms or quantum dots. Previously, circuit QED devices were shown to reach the resonant strong coupling regime, where a single qubit could absorb and re-emit a single photon many times. Here we report a circuit QED experiment in the strong dispersive limit, a new regime where a single photon has a large effect on the qubit without ever being absorbed. The hallmark of this strong dispersive regime is that the qubit transition energy can be resolved into a separate spectral line for each photon number state of the microwave field. The strength of each line is a measure of the probability of finding the corresponding photon number in the cavity. This effect is used to distinguish between coherent and thermal fields, and could be used to create a photon statistics analyser. As no photons are absorbed by this process, it should be possible to generate non-classical states of light by measurement and perform qubit-photon conditional logic, the basis of a logic bus for a quantum computer.     

利用两能级原子与相干态腔场相互作用实现纠缠浓缩

根据大失谐条件下原子–腔场相互作用的特点,讨论了一个制备纠缠相干态的方法,提出了一个利用两能级原子与腔场相干态相互作用实现纠缠浓缩的方案。在这个方案中,2个具有相同振幅但有着π相位差的相干光|α〉和|-α〉构成的纠缠态光场被用来作为量子信道,通过利用两能级原子与腔场的相互作用以及两模正交态测量实现了这个纠缠浓缩的过程。结果表明:对于纠缠相干态,无论其初始的纠缠是多么微弱,利用这种方法总有一定的几率可以从部分纠缠态中提取出最大纠缠态。     

高温超导悬浮系统的磁刚度研究

基于Ampère环路定律和Bean临界态模型,通过分析超导体内部屏蔽电流穿透深度的变化,考虑高温超导悬浮系统的强磁滞特性和磁化历史,讨论了系统的磁刚度.针对实验和计算方法中与磁刚度密切相关的小滞回距离选取标准展开讨论,给出了合理的小滞回距离范围;指出磁刚度曲线具有明显的滞回性质,这主要源于超导悬浮系统的磁滞特性;详细讨论系统物理与几何参数(如临界电流密度、超导体厚度和半径等)对磁刚度的影响.计算结果可以为高温超导悬浮系统的稳定性设计提供有效可行的方法和参考依据.     

依赖强度耦合双光子T-C模型原子布居数的时间演化

研究了依赖强度耦合压缩真空场与耦合双原子双光子跃迁相互作用系统原子布居数的时间演化规律,讨论了光场的初始压缩因子、原子间相互作用和原子的初态对原子布居数时间演化的影响。结果表明：当原子间相互作用较弱时,原子布居的时间演化曲线呈现周期性的崩塌-回复现象,随着原子间相互作用的加强,崩塌-回复周期变短,以至消失,原子布居时间演化曲线的振荡幅度随光场初始压缩因子的增大而明显地减小。     

磁耦合谐振无线电能传输系统中继结构的研究

针对具有中继结构的磁耦合谐振无线电能传输系统进行了系统分析,首先建立系统理论模型,利用耦合模理论对中继系统的功率模型进行分析,得出中继系统的功率与非中继系统的功率具有相同的变化规律.利用电磁仿真软件分析系统在中继线圈工作状态下的磁场分布情况,分析中继系统的电路模型,获得负载电压比,提出中继系数的概念,推导出负载电压比和中继系数的变化关系.并根据系统负载电压的等效关系,推导出中继系数变化模型,求得中继线圈的合理位置范围.最后通过实验验证了该模型的准确性.