Flow characteristics and reaction properties of carbon dioxide in microtubules and porous media

Carbon dioxide reacts with porous media while flowing through them enhancing their permeability. Its flow behavior as well as the permeability enhancement effects were studied in synthetic cores, natural cores and microtubes with an inner diameter of 5 μm. The results show that the permeability of H2O-saturated cores （containing carbonate ingredients） was enhanced by increasing the injection volume of a CO2-H2O solution. This enhancement is attributable to carbon dioxide＇s corrosion, which is justified by SEM scanning. The same phenomenon occurs with a CO2-H2O solution in microtubes, but for a different reason. The gas flow velocity of carbon dioxide in microtubes was approximately 100% faster than that of nitrogen because of the scale and the squeezing effects. Carbon dioxide molecules dissolved in water accelerate the diffusion rate of water molecules within the boundary layer, which in turn diminishes the thickness of the water film and enlarges the effective pore size. This flow behavior facilitates the injection of carbon dioxide into low-permeability reservoirs for oil-displacement and formation energy buildup purposes. This behavior also increases the potential for carbon dioxide channeling or release from the formation.     

Comparative study of gas accumulations in the Permian Changxing reefs and Triassic Feixianguan oolitic reservoirs between Longgang and Luojiazhai-Puguang in the Sichuan Basin

Reef and oolitic gas reservoirs in the Permian Changxing and Triassic Feixianguan formations have been discovered in both the Luojiazhai-Puguang and Longgang areas of the Sichuan Basin, but the accumulation scale, abundance and distribution patterns differ greatly. In fact, the two areas have more differences than they have similarities. Similarities include: (1) the lithology, properties and types of porosity of the reef and oolitic reservoirs are primarily consistent in the two areas; (2) well-developed regional caprocks that seal the fluid system; and (3) accumulation process histories, with liquid hydrocarbon charging at an early stage, cracking into gas at a high to over-mature stage, adjustment of gas reservoirs at an uplifting stage, and final reservoir generation at a late stage. Differences include: (1) gas accumulations in the Luojiazhai-Puguang area that are dominated by oil-type cracked gas, with multiple and sufficient gas sources, contrasting with gas accumulations in the Longgang area that are dominated by coal-sourced gas with insufficient gas sources; (2) heterogeneity and horizontal diversity of reservoirs in the Longgang area that are stronger than in the Luojiazhai-Puguang area; and (3) the development of deep and large faults in the Luojiazhai-Puguang area that link source, reservoir and migration pathways, contrasting with poorly developed faults in Longgang area, where laterally variable fractures are the major migration pathway. Because of these differences, abundant large-scale structurally-controlled gas accumulations are developed in the Luojiazhai-Puguang area, whereas lithology plays a more important role in gas accumulation in the Longgang area where accumulations are smaller-scale and have lower gas-bearing abundance. We suggest that future exploration for reef and oolitic gas accumulations should be strengthened in NE Sichuan and NW Sichuan Jiulongshan. In particular, the transitional zone between Longgang and Kaijiang-Liangping Bay has the best potential for new discoveries.     

Formation of abnormal high pressure and its application in the study of oil-bearing property of lithologic hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Dongying Sag

The mechanisms of abnormal high pressures are studied in this paper, and it is concluded that the undercompaction, hydrocarbon generation and stratum denudation are obviously effective to fluid pressure buildup. Because of the episodic difference, the hydrocarbon generation and stratum denudation are the main factors influencing oil-gas migration. On the basis of basin evolutionary analysis in the Dongying Sag, it is considered that the undercompaction mainly caused the abnormal pressure before the first denudation by the uplift in Late Paleogene, while hydrocarbon generation was the main factor of abnormal pressure after the denudation. The second denudation occurred in Late Neogene, which changed the pressure field and induced the fluid migration. The development of overpressures is the necessary condition to the formation of lithologic hydrocarbon reservoirs, which have positive correlations to overpressures. According to the fullness of the present reservoirs, the quantitative relations between oil-bearing property and driving forces of reservoir formation were determined, the latter were decided by dynamic source, reservoir capillary pressure, fluid pressure of surrounding rocks and the dynamic attenuation in different conducting systems.     

Optimization of Permeability Tensor Characteristics of Anisotropic Reservoir and Well Pattern Parameters

The problems of well pattern arrangement, well array direction, and well array spacing ratios for anisotropic reservoirs were studied using tensor analysis. The problems were formulated as a bilevel programming model which was solved using a genetic algorithm. The results show that if the permeability in one direction is much higher than in another direction, the wells should be aligned along the high permeability direction. The analysis provides a theoretical foundation for well pattern arrangement in fractured reservoirs as well as in channel sand reservoirs.     

Timing and history of marine hydrocarbon accumulation in Tarim craton

<正> Based on the analyses of hydrocarbon inclu-sions, K-Ar dating of authigenic illites and oil/gas-watercontact retrospection as well as other methods, the marineprimary reservoirs in the cratonic region of the Tarim Basinare found to have been formed in the late Caledonian toearly Hercynian, late Hercynian, and Himalayan, and oil andgas adjusted and redistributed in the Yanshanian (Jurassic toCretaceous) and Himalayan (Tertiary). The analyses alsoshow that the remaining primary oil accumulations aremostly formed in the late Hercynian, and the secondary oilreservoirs resulted from the adjustment and redistribution ofthe earlier accumulations during the Yanshanian and Hima-layan (especially late Himalayan), of which the Himalayan isalso the major stage of gas accumulation. The primary oilreservoirs formed in the late Hercynian mostly occur withinthe Paleozoic formation, whereas the secondary reservoirsformed in the Himalayan in the Mesozoic. The late adjust-ment and redistribution of reservoirs in the craton region ofthe Tarim Basin is ubiquitous because of the intensified tec-tonic movements since the Mesozoic, especially Cenozoic andintrusion of the high- to over-mature gas. Furthermore, thelower amplitude of reservoirs in the craton region also makesthem easier to be adjusted and redistributed. Therefore, theremaining paleo-uplift and palaeo-slope developed in rela-tively stable tectonic regions are the main potential areas forthe middle-large marine reservoirs in the Tarim Basin.     

Main controlling factors of distribution and genetics of marine reservoirs in China

Marine reservoirs are mainly made up of clastics and carbonate reservoirs, which are distributed widely in central Tarim, Sichuan, Ordos basins from the Pre-Cambrian to Cenozoic, mainly in Palaeozoic. Marine clastic reservoirs are developed in foreshore and nearshore, tidal flat and delta environment. The sedimentary facies are important controlling factors for reservoir quality. Compaction, pressolution and cementation are factors of decreasing porosity, and low palaeo-temperature gradient, early emplacement of oil and gas and dissolution are favorable for preservation of pore. Carbonate reservoirs are divided into reef and bank, karst, dolomite and fracture reservoirs. Dolomitization, dissolution, TSR and fracture are important factors of controlling carbonate reservoirs＇ quality.     

Dissolved inorganic carbon and its isotopic differentiation in cascade reservoirs in the Wujiang drainage basin

Three cascade reservoirs, built in different periods of time in the Wujiang drainage basin, were investigated in this study. Samples were taken at the surface and also at 20, 40, 60, 80 m depths in front of the dams in April, July, October of 2006 and January of 2007. Chemical parameters were calculated and the concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon [DIC] and its isotopic composition （δ613CDIC） were determined. In surface waters, the δ613CDIC values are high in summer and autumn and low in winter and spring, while the DIC concentrations are relatively low in summer and autumn and relatively high in winter and spring. In the water column, the DIC concentrations increase while δ613CDIC values decrease with water depth. DIC in various reservoirs is significantly different in isotopic composition from that in natural rivers, but is close to that in natural lakes. In addition, in surface waters, the δ613CDIC values tend to become lower whereas the nutrition level tends to become higher with increasing age of the reservoirs. The conclusion is that after dam blocking, changes took place in the hydrochemical properties of river water, and the impounding rivers developed toward lakes and swamps. In addition, differentiation in DIC isotopic composition may be used to some extent to trace the evolution process of a reservoir.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Exploration technology and development trend of Daqing Oilfield

Exploration for oil and deep gas in northern Songliao Basin,complex rift basin—Hailaer Basin,and Yi-Shu Graben in peripheral basin has technical challenge.Researches on supporting technology including seismic acquisition,processing and interpretation,logging and drilling are performed to establish high resolution 3D seismic technology for lithologic reservoir,deep volcanic rock and complex rift basin,reservoir evaluation and stimulation technology for low permeability reservoir,volcanic reservoir and complex rift reservoir,and drilling technology for deep volcanic rock,providing technical support for reserves increase in northern Songliao Basin,large gas reservoirs discovery in deep volcanic rock and exploration progress in complex rift basin.Next-step development trend of exploration technology is proposed to meet the demand of more technical challenges in the future.     

Fundamental geological elements for the occurrence of Chinese marine oil and gas accumulations

The Paleozoic strata in the Tarim Basin, Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin are the major targets for marine petroleum exploration, with developed high quality hydrocarbon, mainly argillite. The deep burial of these source rocks suggests that they mainly develop gas instead of oil. But different maturities of organic matter may lead to different hydrocarbon facies. Through thermochemical sulfate reduction （TSR）, the hydrocarbon in the carbonate rocks may undergo a process of pyrolytic cracking and be catalyzed into gases. The marine reservoirs mainly consist of carbonate and clastic rocks, and the former is controlled by sedimentary facies, dolomitization, solution, TSR and cracking. The multiphase tectonic cycling develops multiple source-reservoir-cap combinations and diversified types of traps and reservoirs, featuring multiphase reservoir formation, mainly late-phase formation or consolidation. Palaeo-uplifts play a controlling role in hydrocarbon accumulation. Differences in major source rocks in the three basins lead to different locations of oil-gas accumulation layers, different types and patterns of reservoirs and different features of reservoir formation.     

裂缝在吉林两井低渗透砂岩油田开发中的作用

在研究吉林两井低渗透砂岩油田裂缝分布特征与发育规律的基础上 ,探讨了裂缝对该区油气富集规律、可动流体饱和度分布、渗流作用、开发井网部署、注水效果和压裂缝展布等方面的影响 .结果表明 :该区主要发育 4组高角度构造裂缝 ,由于各组裂缝密度及现应力场影响下的开度不同 ,引起裂缝渗透率各向异性 .随着裂缝密度增大 ,油气的富集程度和可动流体饱和度增高 .在注水开发中 ,由于裂缝的高渗透性、渗透率非均质性和压力敏感性特征 ,影响油田开发方案的部署 .天然裂缝控制了整个渗流系统 ,人工压裂缝主要起改善东西向渗流通道的作用 .各组天然裂缝及其渗透性的综合评价 ,是该低渗透砂岩油田合理开发的主要地质依据     

克深气田储层地质力学特征及其对开发的影响

克拉苏构造带深层裂缝型致密砂岩气藏经历强挤压构造变形,复杂的现今地应力场和天然裂缝系统导致储层非均质性和各向异性较强,不同构造之间和同一构造不同位置的气井产能差异明显。为明确影响该区天然气开发中的地质主控因素,在井筒一维地质力学参数评价和构造格架搭建的基础上开展了克深气田储层地质力学建模,深入分析克深气田多个构造带储层岩石力学性质、现今地应力场及天然裂缝的发育特征,归纳总结不同构造带、同一构造带不同部位及不同层位的储层地质力学特征,并结合克深气田典型井的开发现状,建立地质力学特征与产能的关联,最后,针对不同类型的气藏分别提出与之匹配的布井原则。研究表明：（1）不同构造类型气藏地应力场分布特征差异较大,应力方位与天然裂缝产状之间的关系也有明显不同;（2）气藏内储层地质力学属性呈现自分层特征,其直接影响储层孔隙度和渗透率分布;（3）气藏内部处于应力低值、裂缝走向与水平主应力方位之间夹角小的位置,储层渗透性能较好,单井产能更高。研究不仅为储层评价和气藏描述提供了有力的补充,同时也为井位优化提供有利的依据。     

等效裂缝渗流模型在天然裂缝储层产能预测中的应用

 为了研究天然裂缝发育的低渗透油藏产能特征,根据连续介质理论,简化了裂缝系统,建立了天然裂缝的等效渗流模型,得到了等效渗流模型稳态渗流的产能方程。应用产能方程进行实例计算,所得单井产能结果与实际油田单井产能相符合,验证了该产能方程的正确性及适用性。分析了裂缝宽度、裂缝长度和裂缝渗透率对产能的影响,结果表明,裂缝长度对产能的影响更大;当裂缝渗透率和裂缝宽度达到一定值之后,要提高产量应主要增加裂缝的长度。     

塔中地区新近纪构造作用下寒武系应力场模拟与裂缝预测

根据塔中地区地震资料解释的断裂体系、上下寒武统顶底界面构造图和6 口钻井裂缝特征等资料, 在对塔中地区寒武系岩石力学进行测试的基础上, 考虑断裂对裂缝形成的影响, 采用三维有限元法对新近纪构造作用下塔中地区寒武系的构造应力场进行模拟, 并将模拟结果与塔中地区钻井统计的构造裂缝面密度进行匹配, 得到塔里木盆地寒武系的构造裂缝发育分布情况。结果显示: 断裂对裂缝的影响明显, 靠近断层或位于断层交汇处的构造裂缝发育, 裂缝在断层的一盘发育, 在另一盘则相对不发育; 膏岩层对构造应力的传播有一定程度的阻碍作用, 盐上的寒武系上统较盐下的寒武系下统构造裂缝发育, 盐间的中寒武统构造裂缝则相对不发育。     

焉耆盆地宝浪油田宝北区块构造特征再认识

宝浪油田宝北区块属高陡背斜构造发育区,区内断裂及裂缝及其发育,构造复杂.综合利用构造、地震、岩心等资料,对该区构造特征进行再认识.研究表明:宝北区块背斜构造是在垂直于背斜轴部的强烈挤压力作用下,印由反冲断层产生的走滑作用而形成的.由于受力不均,宝北背斜大致可以分为三段:南东段、相对较粗的北西段、较细的中段.通过最新钻井资料所编制的构造图,对该区三级断层进行重新认识.根据定向取心、成像测井、常规岩心及薄片资料,对裂缝特征进行了分析,井利用古构造应力场数值模拟预测裂缝.最终确定裂缝的发育分布带.裂缝综合预测与实际应用结果具有较高的一致性,可为下一步勘探部署提供依据.     

特提斯构造域典型构造特征及其控制因素探讨——以物理模拟成果为例

特提斯构造带的变形特征及其形成演化已成为研究的热点,其对板块构造重建和油气资源富集规律的认识具有非常重要的意义.为此,从近年来有关物理模拟技术对特提斯构造域的褶皱-冲断带变形特征的研究出发,系统归纳、总结物理模拟对特提斯构造域从西段比利牛斯山、喀尔巴阡山、阿尔卑斯山,中段的高加索和扎格罗斯山到东段的天山、库车、喜马拉雅...     

埕岛地区中生界和古生界构造应力场数值模拟及裂缝分析

用有限元法模拟了埕岛地区中、古生界燕山、喜山两期构造应力场。研究结果表明 ,燕山期构造应力场应力值变化大 ,断裂活动强烈 ,产生的裂缝大部分为大裂缝。从裂缝性质和分布看 ,北部和西南部易产生张性裂缝 ,东南部易产生剪性裂缝。喜山期应力值变化小 ,且断裂活动逐渐停止 ,使微裂缝大量发育 ,主要分布在埕岛地区的北部和南部 ,这些地区是较好的油气开发区。     

致密碎屑岩裂缝性储层预测方法综述

 致密碎屑岩裂缝性油气藏储量在低渗透储层总储量中占很大比例。致密碎屑岩裂缝性储层成为油气勘探开发研究的重要对象。当前,致密碎屑岩裂缝性油气藏勘探开发的最大难点在于如何对储层裂缝的发育程度和分布范围进行预测。准确进行裂缝预测对致密碎屑岩裂缝性储层的油气开发具有重要意义。本文对致密碎屑岩裂缝预测的方法进行了系统分析,从地质分析法、曲率法及构造应力场模拟、地震裂缝识别技术、测井裂缝识别技术和生产动态分析法5个方面对当前致密碎屑岩裂缝预测的主要研究方法现状进行了详细阐述,简要描述了各种方法的优缺点和应用条件;结合当前科学技术总体进展,指出致密碎屑岩裂缝预测研究的两个方面的发展趋势：单一的裂缝预测技术需要不断创新、综合多种方法各自的优势进行系统预测。     

DLH油田低渗砂岩孔隙分形定量表征方法研究

针对常规表征方法难以精确表征低渗砂岩储层孔隙空间分布复杂性和不规则性的问题,提出了适用于低渗砂岩储层的分形维数计算方法,实现了低渗砂岩储层孔隙特征的定量表征。基于不同分形维数计算方法差异性的分析,优选采用MIFA方法求解低渗砂岩储层的分形维数(在2.042～2.324),相关性最佳;确定了排驱压力、平均孔喉半径、变异系数以及均值系数作为储层孔喉分布复杂程度和非均质程度的综合表征参数;基于恒速压汞分形维数的求解,发现低渗砂岩储层非均质程度呈中小孔喉大于微小孔喉,喉道分布大于孔隙分布的特点;低渗砂岩储层的分形维数与启动压力梯度和应力敏感性损害率的实验结果均存在一定的相互关系,分形维数越大,孔喉分布的非均质性越强,启动压力梯度越大且应力敏感性的损害程度也将加剧。低渗砂岩储层分形维数的计算可用于室内实验结果的定性预测和判断,也可作为油藏工程中应用相渗曲线时的重要判别标准。     

碳酸盐岩构造裂缝特征与形成期次分析： 以阿姆河盆地右岸东部为例

碳酸盐岩裂缝对石油和天然气勘探开发具有重要意义,但碳酸盐岩构造裂缝特征描述、形成和影响因素一直是油气储层研究的重点。本文在岩心资料的基础上,综合利用测井解释和分析测试等资料,对阿姆河盆地右岸东部地区侏罗系卡洛夫-牛津阶碳酸盐岩储层内构造裂缝特征进行研究,划分构造裂缝类型及发育期次,明确影响构造裂缝发育的影响因素,分析多期次裂缝对天然气聚集的影响。结果表明：（1）构造裂缝是阿姆河盆地右岸东部侏罗系卡洛夫-牛津阶储层中发育的主要裂缝类型,按照产状分为水平缝、低角度缝、高角度缝和垂直缝;卡洛夫-牛津阶储层构造裂缝总体上走向以NW-SE向为主,但不同裂缝的走向差异性较大,反映了裂缝具有多期发育的特点,不同类型的构造裂缝在产状、密度和规模存在差异,中下侏罗统的XVa1层中最发育,平均裂缝密度为1.48 条/m;构造裂缝的规模普遍较大,在上侏罗统的XVhp层裂缝宽度和裂缝高度最大,平均裂缝宽度约0.08 mm、平均裂缝高度67.1 cm,构造裂缝的倾角多介于40-70°之间;（2）阿姆河盆地右岸东部侏罗系卡洛夫-牛津阶储层构造裂缝的发育程度存在较大的差异,这是由于裂缝的发育不仅受到岩性的控制,还受到多期构造运动的影响,亮晶砂屑灰岩和生物礁灰岩为构造裂缝发育的优势岩性;新近纪的挤压作用强烈,在侏罗系卡洛夫-牛津阶岩心中形成相互交错的网状裂缝,为裂缝期次划分提供有利证据;（3）阿姆河盆地右岸东部侏罗系卡洛夫-牛津阶中构造裂缝形成于燕山晚期到喜山中期,其中晚期裂缝的形成不仅改善了储层物性,也促进天然气聚集和成藏。