Seed germination in response to diurnal fluctuations of temperature

Diurnal fluctuations in temperature may initiate or accelerate germination in certain flowering plants, and the effectiveness of the stimulus varies according to the amplitude of fluctuation and the presence or absence of light. Attempts to assess the adaptive significance of the phenomenon, however, have been limited by the scarcity of data for species of contrasted ecology. We report here an investigation of germination responses to fluctuating temperatures, conducted on seeds of herbaceous species collected from native populations near Sheffield. The results suggest that requirements for diurnal fluctuations in temperature are characteristic of the germination of species from particular types of habitat and provide mechanisms which cause seeds to germinate at times and in places favourable for seedling establishment.     

水杨酸浸种对水稻种子萌发的影响与水杨酸浓度和萌发温度的相关性

用不同浓度水杨酸对水稻种子进行浸种预处理,研究了水杨酸对不同温度下水稻种子萌发的影响,结果表明：不同浓度水杨酸对种子萌发指数－萌发高同知,发芽率,根冠比,生物学产量,根长,根活力指数,芽长,芽活力指数的作用不同,随着萌发温度从30℃降低至15℃,最达水杨酸浓度不断增大。     

青藏高原特有植物肋果沙棘种子萌发对不同温度的响应

研究了青藏高原特有植物肋果沙棘(Hippophae neurocarpa)种子萌发对不同温度的响应.结果表明:肋果沙棘种子萌发温幅较宽,在15～35 ℃范围内均有较高的发芽率.肋果沙棘种子在温度为15 ℃和20 ℃时发芽率达90%以上,显著高于30 ℃和35 ℃处理的发芽率;生长结束时胚根及下胚轴长度(37.22±2.910,52.41±3.030 mm)也大于30 ℃(33.32±1.313 mm)和35 ℃(23.28±1.641 mm)的长度,表明肋果沙棘种子在较低温度下萌发和生长情况较好.此外,肋果沙棘种子在各温度处理下,1～2 d内开始萌发,4～7 d完成萌发过程,具有迅速萌发的特性.较宽的萌发温幅、在较低温度下的高萌发率以及迅速萌发的特性保证了肋果沙棘能够在低温环境和较为短促的生长季节里顺利完成萌发过程,迅速占有生存资源与空间,这体现出该植物对青藏高原高寒环境的一种生存适应机制.     

沙埋对几种沙生植物种子萌发和幼苗的影响

研究了沙埋对科尔沁沙地7种植物的种子萌发和幼苗存活的影响.9个沙埋处理深度为1、2、3、45、、6、7、8和10 cm.结果表明,在不同沙埋处理下,7种植物的萌发率存在显著差异,除山竹岩黄芪外,其他6种植物的萌发趋势均随着沙埋深度的增加而下降,山竹岩黄芪在不同沙埋处理下均有较高的萌发率,在8 cm埋深处萌发率最小.沙埋对7种植物的幼苗出土均有显著影响,埋深增加,出苗率减小,幼苗出土与植物繁殖体的大小有关,繁殖体大的物种具有较深沙层的幼苗出土,幼苗出土的沙埋深度顺序为小叶锦鸡儿≥沙米>山竹岩黄芪≥大果虫实>地肤≥灰绿藜>差巴嘎蒿.     

不同温度和化学处理对四川嵩草种子萌发的影响

研究了四川嵩草(Kobresia setchwanensis)种子对不同温度和化学试剂的响应.用3种不同浓度的化学试剂(NaOH、GA3和CaCl2)分别处理种子,将其置于5,10,15,20,25 ℃恒温条件下进行光照培养.结果表明:四川嵩草种子萌发温度幅较宽,在10～25 ℃范围内均能萌发,但在20 ℃和25 ℃恒温条件下,种子的萌发率和萌发指数较高,最佳萌发温度为20 ℃,萌发率和萌发指数分别可达96%和7.06.不同温度条件下,3种化学试剂处理对四川嵩草种子的萌发率和萌发指数均有显著性影响,对种子萌发有一定的促进作用,其中,用适当浓度NaOH处理过的种子其萌发率和萌发指数高于用其它两种试剂处理的结果.10 ℃条件下,NaOH的最佳处理浓度为30 g·L-1;15～25 ℃温度条件下,最佳处理浓度为20 g·L-1.对于GA3和CaCl2,在不同温度条件下(10～25 ℃)有不同的最佳处理浓度.     

观赏海棠花期物候稳定性及其对温度变化的响应

【目的】研究多品种海棠初花期物候特征,探究花期与温度的内在联系,并在品种水平上揭示花期稳定性差异及变化规律。【方法】使用67个海棠品种的4年初花期物候数据对多品种海棠初花期稳定性进行分析,并使用多年的气象数据对多品种海棠初花期群组物候标准偏差(σ)的计算结果进行研究。【结果】2014—2016年多品种海棠初花期日期顺序与2013年的初花期均有较高的相关性。晚花期品种的σ值大于早、中花期σ值。早花期品种群与中花期品种群的σ值和开花前一年10月1日至12月1日期间小于6 ℃的天数呈显著负相关(P<0.05),而晚花期品种群σ值与开花前一年10月1日至开花当年2月1日期间小于4 ℃(P<0.05)及开花前一年10月1日至开花当年3月1日期间小于4 ℃(P<0.05)的天数呈显著负相关。【结论】低温对于海棠初花期稳定性有着重要影响:一方面,早、中花期品种相对于晚花期品种而言对低温需求更大,且休眠时间限制更加严格;另一方面,晚花期品种间初花期顺序的稳定性更低。     

几种不同楸树花粉萌发率的测定及花粉超低温保存方法

对5种不同楸树(楸树、滇楸、梓树、灰楸和黄金树)花粉萌发率的研究表明:花粉在恒温25℃培养6 h时萌发率较好,培养基为:10%蔗糖 0.01%硼酸 1%琼脂。在室温水培条件下,花粉在3 d内都保持较好的萌发率,第4天至第7天萌发率快速下降。花粉在液氮和-70℃条件下贮藏生活力较好,随贮藏时间延长生活力下降幅度也较小;常温贮藏时花粉萌发率最低,且生活力丧失快;而0℃和-20℃贮藏花粉生活力居中。超低温保存后花粉的解冻方式对花粉的萌发率影响较大,楸树各树种均以温水浴(35~38℃)下解冻5 min效果最好。     

祁连山不同类型植被物候变化及其对温度的响应

本文基于GIMMS NDVI数据,采用遥感物候法提取了生长季开始日期（SOS）、生长季结束日期（EOS）和生长季长度（LGS）3个植被物候指标,并借助Theil-Sen斜率与Mann-Kendall检验等统计方法和偏最小二乘分析法（PLS）,分析了祁连山不同类型植被物候空间分布规律、时间变化趋势及其对温度的响应．结果表明:1）自东南到西北方向,祁连山植被类型从灌丛逐渐过渡到草甸、草原再到高山植被,物候指标SOS逐渐推迟,EOS逐渐提前,LGS逐渐缩短．2）草甸和灌丛2种植被的物候变化最为剧烈,研究期内该2种植被的SOS均显著提前（分别为0.19和0.25 d·（10 a）?1）,EOS显著推迟（分别为0.20、0.21 d·（10 a）?1）,LGS显著延长（分别为0.39、0.46 d·（10 a）?1）;祁连山全境及主要植被的SOS均在1997—2000年发生转折,EOS和LGS的转折点均发生在2003年．3）上年秋末冬初温度对草甸与灌丛植被SOS具有正向影响,物候期前的春季温度对SOS具有显著负影响;夏秋季温度对EOS和LGS具有显著正影响．此外,最高温对物候的影响显著强于最低温,且在春夏季的个别月份,二者对物候的影响方向不同．植被物候的变化提示当地牧民在牧草种植与放牧上的调整．      

Characterization of Arabidopsis calreticulin mutants in response to calcium and salinity stresses

As an important calcium-binding protein,calreticulin plays an important role in regulating calcium homeostasis in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of plants.Here,we identified three loss-of-function mutants ofcalreticulin genes in Arabidopsis to demonstrate the function of calreticulin in response to calcium and salinity stresses.There are three genes encoding calreticulin in Arabidopsis,and they are named AtCRT1,2,and 3,respectively.We found that both single mutant of crt3 and double mutant of crtl crt2 were more sensitive to low calcium environment than wild-type Arabidopsis.Moreover,crt3 mutant showed more sensitivity to salt treatment at germination stage,but tolerance to salt stress at later stage compared with wild-type plant.However,there was no obvious growth difference in the mutant crt1 and crt2 compared with wild-type Arabidopsis under calcium and salt stresses.These results suggest that calreticulin functions in plant responses to calcium and salt stresses.     

低温胁迫下克恩氏冬青幼苗叶片差异蛋白质分析

【目的】研究克恩氏冬青叶片应答低温胁迫的蛋白表达情况,探讨克恩氏冬青耐寒的作用机理。【方法】以2年生幼苗为试材,对其进行-8 ℃和-16 ℃低温胁迫处理,运用双向电泳技术(2-DE)结合质谱技术(MALDI-TOF/TOF MS)检测并分析叶片差异表达蛋白,并对差异蛋白进行了生物信息学分析。【结果】在低温胁迫下,克恩氏冬青幼苗叶片中蛋白表达发生了明显变化,胁迫前后发现共有31个显著差异的蛋白质点,经质谱检测及数据库检索,成功鉴定了其中23个差异表达蛋白点。对其中的20个蛋白成功进行了功能分类,主要涉及蛋白质和氨基酸代谢、光合作用、氧化还原平衡、防御作用、碳水化合物代谢、脂类代谢、氮素代谢等生物学过程。【结论】克恩氏冬青应答低温胁迫是多种蛋白质共同作用的结果,主要通过调节多种代谢过程中的相关蛋白表达来发挥作用。     

云杉属植物种子形态及萌发特征的种间变异

在实验室条件下观测了云杉属(Picea)10个树种的种子形态和萌发特性,分析了它们与种源地地理气候因子之间的关系。结果表明:种子长、宽、千粒质量的差异在种间达到极显著水平;除种子萌发高峰期外,种子发芽率、发芽起始时间和发芽持续时间在种间具有极显著的差异。相关性分析则表明:种子长和宽呈极显著正相关;种子长、种子宽与千粒质量呈极显著正相关;而种子千粒质量与发芽率、发芽起始时间和持续时间呈显著正相关;纬度与种子长、种子宽和千粒质量呈显著正相关;年均温与种子长、种子宽、千粒质量和发芽持续时间呈显著负相关。因此,纬度和温度是影响云杉属植物个体间种子大小变异的主要因子。     

A comprehensive consideration of bias voltage and temperature to extract the intrinsic frequency response of photodiodes

Frequency response is one of the most important characteristics of photodiode (PD). The upper limitation of the bandwidth of a PD is determined by its intrinsic frequency response. Based on the extraction method to extract the intrinsic frequency response, we take a further study to analyze the impact of the reverse bias voltage and the temperature on the frequency response of PDs. With the help of physical model, the experimental data and fitted results based on the reverse bias voltage and temperature separately are discussed, then the most reliable intrinsic frequency response of a PD is obtained.     

Model-data divergence in global seasonal temperature response to astronomical insolation during the Holocene

Insolation change is a primary driver for climate variation at orbital scales [1,2].During the Holocene (ca.11.7 ka BP to present),orbitally induced seasonal va...     

Seed priming with chitosan improves maize germination and seedling growth in relation to physiological changes under low temperature stress

Low temperature stress during germination and early seedling growth is an important constraint of global production of maize. The effects of seed priming with 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75% (w/v) chitosan solutions at 15 °C on the growth and physiological changes were investigated using two maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines, HuangC (chilling-tolerant) and Mo17 (chilling-sensitive). While seed priming with chitosan had no significant effect on germination percentage under low temperature stress, it enhanced germination index, reduced the mean germination time (MGT), and increased shoot height, root length, and shoot and root dry weights in both maize lines. The decline of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and relative permeability of the plasma membrane and the increase of the concentrations of soluble sugars and proline, peroxidase (POD) activity, and catalase (CAT) activity were detected both in the chilling-sensitive and chilling-tolerant maize seedlings after priming with the three concentrations of chitosan. HuangC was less sensitive to responding to different concentrations of chitosan. Priming with 0.50% chitosan for about 60~64 h seemed to have the best effects. Thus, it suggests that seed priming with chitosan may improve the speed of germination of maize seed and benefit for seedling growth under low temperature stress.     

Characterization of Arabidopsis calreticulin mutants in response to calcium and salinity stresses

As an important calcium-binding protein, calreticulin plays an important role in regulating calcium homeostasis in endoplasmic reticulum （ER） of plants. Here, we identified three loss-of-function mutants of calreticulin genes in Arabidopsis to demonstrate the function of calreticulin in response to calcium and salinity stresses. There are three genes encoding calreticulin in Arabidopsis, and they are named AtCRT1, 2, and 3, respectively. We found that both single mutant of crt3 and double mutant of crtl crt2 were more sensitive to low calcium environment than wild-type Arabidopsis. Moreover, crt3 mutant showed more sensitivity to salt treatment at germination stage, but tolerance to salt stress at later stage compared with wild-type plant. However, there was no obvious growth difference in the mutant crtl and crt2 compared with wild-type Arabidopsis under calcium and salt stresses. These results suggest that calreticulin functions in plant responses to calcium and salt stresses.     

Changes in fossil-fuel carbon emissions in response to interannual and interdecadal temperature variability

Relationships on interannual and interdecadal timescales among global mean air temperature,CO2 concentrations and fossil-fuel carbon emissions in four major developed countries (the United States,the United Kingdom,France,and Germany) were analyzed.On an interannual timescale,the United States fossil-fuel carbon emissions tend to increase during cold winters and decrease during warm winters,which is opposite to the situation in summer.On an interdecadal timescale,cold (warm) periods both in the United States and globally agree with high (low) periods of fossil-fuel carbon emissions,with the temperature variability leading by 5–7 years.The leading correlation on the interdecadal timescale and the asymmetry in seasonal correlation on the interannual timescale indicate that temperature variability is a possible cause of changes in fossil-fuel carbon emissions.     

Similar response of labile and resistant soil organic matter pools to changes in temperature

Our understanding of the relationship between the decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) and soil temperature affects our predictions of the impact of climate change on soil-stored carbon. One current opinion is that the decomposition of soil labile carbon is sensitive to temperature variation whereas resistant components are insensitive. The resistant carbon or organic matter in mineral soil is then assumed to be unresponsive to global warming. But the global pattern and magnitude of the predicted future soil carbon stock will mainly rely on the temperature sensitivity of these resistant carbon pools. To investigate this sensitivity, we have incubated soils under changing temperature. Here we report that SOM decomposition or soil basal respiration rate was significantly affected by changes in SOM components associated with soil depth, sampling method and incubation time. We find, however, that the temperature sensitivity for SOM decomposition was not affected, suggesting that the temperature sensitivity for resistant organic matter pools does not differ significantly from that of labile pools, and that both types of SOM will therefore respond similarly to global warming.     

入侵种喜旱莲子草对土壤水分的表型可塑性反应

研究了水生、湿生、中生和旱生生境条件下外来入侵种喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart．)Griseb．)表型可塑性反应．结果表明：喜旱莲子草株长、茎节长度、总生物量积累在湿生和中生生境中最大;随土壤含水量减少,喜旱莲子草根冠比显著升高,分枝强度显著降低;土壤含水量与喜旱莲子草根系生物量投资呈显著负相关,茎、叶生物量投资随土壤含水量的减少而下降．研究结果表明,喜旱莲子草的最适宜水分生态位是湿生生境,在不同水分条件下,其不同表型结构有可能同时对环境选择作出反应,在种群生存与维持、生长、繁殖等功能方面实现种群个体各器官生物量投资的优化配置来适应多样化的环境．