大型水轮机叶片马氏体不锈钢的超声空蚀行为

利用超声振荡空蚀设备研究了一种大型水轮机马氏体不锈钢合金成分调整前后在蒸馏水和模拟长江水中的空蚀行为.观察空蚀表面形貌,结合力学性能,与普通13-4不锈钢进行对比分析.研究结果表明:3种不锈钢的显微组织由马氏体、铁素体和残余奥氏体组成;降低C,S,Si增加Ni,Mo,Mn并且经过精炼工艺改进后,不锈钢抗空蚀能力高于原合金和13-4不锈钢.调整后不锈钢的空蚀稳定期失重率小于7 mg/h,仅约为原合金的75%和13-4不锈钢的25%.在空蚀过程中,较软的铁素体相首先脱落,其次是较硬的马氏体相,并且观察到了清晰的空蚀表面疲劳源形貌.     

Preparation of high-performance ultrafine-grained AISI 304L stainless steel under high temperature and pressure

Bulk ultra-fine grained (UFG) AISI 304L stainless steel with excellent mechanical properties was prepared by a high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) method using nanocrystalline AISI 304L stainless steel powders obtained from ball milling. Samples were sintered in high-pressure conditions using the highest martensite content of AISI 304L stainless steel powders milled for 25 h. Analyses of phase composition and grain size were accomplished by X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement. By comparing the reverse martensite transformation under vacuum and HTHP treat, we consider that pressure can effectively promote the change in the process of transformation. Compared with the solid-solution-treated 304L, the hardness and yield strength of the samples sintered under HTHP are considerably higher. This method of preparation of UFG bulk stainless steel may be widely popularised and used to obtain UFG metallic materials with good comprehensive performance.     

预应力淬硬磨削下强化层金相组织的转变机理

为了研究预应力淬硬磨削条件下工件表面强化层特征及金相组织形成变化机理,以45#钢为对象,进行了预应力淬硬磨削实验.获得了残余应力较小的表面强化层,测量得到了其表面硬度.通过观察表面强化层的金相组织特征,结合磨削温度场仿真,研究了磨削强化条件下预应力对马氏体等金相组织的影响机理.研究表明,磨削淬硬过程中产生的高温使45#钢的屈服强度大大降低,施加较小预应力会使材料发生塑性变形,由于塑性应变导致的母相强化和应变诱导相变两者的综合作用,该状态下预应力对马氏体相变的影响是先抑制再促进.     

深冷处理中钢铁基质强化的物理机理

提出深冷处理中钢铁基质强化的物理机制，用热力学的吉布斯函数判据，证明适当的冷处理过程中可以使钢铁中马氏体转变完全或成分增加，同时也讨论了马氏体形核过程的影响。     

铣削和磨削淬硬钢SKD11的表面完整性比较

对磨削、铣削加工得到的淬硬钢SKD11表面完整性进行了研究.通过对比干磨削和干铣削加工工件表面层的金相组织.发现干铣削时,铣刀后刀面磨损引起的铣削温度升高对工件表面完整性有很大的影响.随着加工温度升高,工件表面逐渐产生回火马氏体,这是造成工件表面硬度下降的主要原因.进一步的试验表明,如果选用合适的刀具和加工参数,可以得到较好的表面完整性;如果采用较小铣刀的磨钝标准可以避免出现回火马氏体.对淬硬钢进行精加工时,以铣代磨是完全可行的.     

Martensite transformation induced by deformation and its phase electrochemical behavior for stainless steels AISI 304 and 316L

The martensite transformation induced by tensile elongation and its effect on the behavior of phase electrochemistry of AISI 304 and 316L in 3.5% NaCl solution were studied. The results show that the content of α'-martensite in stainless steel 304 increases with the true strain. As α'-martensite content increased, free corrosion potential and pitting potential of stainless steel 304 in 3.5% NaCl solution appeared the change trend of a minimum. It was also found that pitting nucleated preferentially at the phase interfaces between martensite and austenite. There existed apparent difference between electrochemical properties of austenite and of martensite for stainless steel 304 and 316L in 3.5% NaCl solution.     

Determining role of heterogeneous microstructure in lowering yield ratio and enhancing impact toughness in high-strength low-alloy steel

Here we present a novel approach of intercritical heat treatment for microstructure tailoring, in which intercritical annealing is introduced between conventional quenching and tempering. This induced a heterogeneous microstructure consisting of soft intercritical ferrite and hard tempered martensite, resulting in a low yield ratio(YR) and high impact toughness in a high-strength low-alloy steel. The initial yielding and subsequent work hardening behavior of the steel during tensile deformation were modified by the presence of soft intercritical ferrite after intercritical annealing, in comparison to the steel with full martensitic microstructure. The increase in YR was related to the reduction in hardness difference between the soft and hard phases due to the precipitation of nano-carbides and the recovery of dislocations during tempering.The excellent low-temperature toughness was ascribed not only to the decrease in probability of microcrack initiation for the reduction of hardness difference between two phases, but also to the increase in resistance of microcrack propagation caused by the high density of high angle grain boundaries.     

Mechanisms of two-stage martensitic transformation in Ti-Ni-Hf alloy powder

The Ti-Ni-Hf shape memory alloy powders were prepared by plasma rotating electrode process.And the powders were featured with the perfect sphericity and smooth surface.Moreover,the grain size was refined in the Ti-Ni-Hf alloy powders due to the rapid cooling rate during plasma rotating electrode process.It was found that the Ti-NiHf alloy powders had the typical self-accommodation configuration including spear-like,mosaic-like and lath-like martensite.Various twins,such as (001) compound twin,(0...     

节镍无磁不锈钢Cr18Ni6Mn3N的组织及性能

研究了节镍无磁不锈钢Cr18Ni6Mn3N的热轧及固溶后的力学性能和耐蚀性能,分析了其固溶和时效析出后的组织演变规律、冷变形过程中形变诱发马氏体相变及其磁性能.结果表明:该不锈钢的固溶组织为单相奥氏体,其力学性能和耐蚀性能均高于SUS304不锈钢;800℃保温4 h后,在晶界析出粒状氮化物,随着保温时间延长,逐渐沿晶界凸起片层状析出物并向晶内生长,保温20 h后,凸出的片层状析出物直径达20μm.冷轧压下率18.3%时尚未发现形变诱发马氏体组织,随着变形量增大,马氏体含量增多,磁导率上升,但与相同条件下的SUS304不锈钢相比,冷轧板固溶后相对磁导率可降至1.002,因此可用于低成本无磁不锈钢领域.     

含亚稳奥氏体铬锰氮不锈钢的拉伸变形特性研究

研究了一种含亚稳奥氏体铬锰氮不锈钢在拉伸变形过程中的力学特性与组织变化，并对其加工硬化机制进行了讨论。结果表明，0Cr13Mn9N钢的s-e曲线在塑性变形区可分为3个阶段，初期和后期与一般不锈钢的基本相似，中期则具有d^2s/de^2〉0这种与通常情况不同的走向；应变诱发马氏体转变对外加变形能量的吸收或弛豫，使其在变形的不同阶段具有差异显著的加工硬化特性；该钢的加工硬化机制包括：初始马氏体在变形过程中的加工硬化，变形过程中产生的应变诱发马氏体相变和诱发马氏体本身在后续变形过程中的加工硬化，未转变奥氏体的加工硬化及其内部N（C）原子与运动位错相互作用产生的动态应变时效所引起的加工硬化。     

空蚀诱发相变对金属材料抗空蚀性能的影响

用旋转圆盘试验机研究了4种金属材料的抗空蚀性能。结果表明：亚稳态金属材料Fe-Mn-Si合金，Fe-Cr-Mn-Ni和Fe-Cr-Ni不锈钢空蚀中分别诱发了密排六方晶体结构马氏体和体心立方晶体结构马氏体，其抗空蚀性能依次分别为0C13Ni5Mo的不锈钢的7．3倍，1．8倍和1．6倍；空蚀诱发马氏体相变有助于提高材料的抗空蚀性能，并与空蚀过程中动态相变对应力的响应密切相关；马氏体相变及其逆转变引起的能量耗散和伪弹性大大提高了Fe-Mn-Si合金的抗空蚀性能。     

Au-Cu-Al合金中的马氏体转变

采用3种热处理工艺研究了Au-Cu-Al合金母相的有序化程度,分析了其A2→B2→L21的有序化转变对马氏体转变的影响,即其相变点、马氏体和母相的结构,以及400℃时效炉冷处理后没有生成马氏体的原因.结果表明,采用100℃时效1.5 h后淬火到冰水中(热处理工艺II)的热处理工艺,可以得到表面浮突的马氏体;采用从650℃直接淬火到液氮中(热处理工艺I)的热处理工艺,也会发生马氏体转变,且其均为bct结构,时效处理可使母相得到充分有序化,从而提高其马氏体转变点温度,并使马氏体转变更加充分;此外,采用400℃时效、炉冷处理并淬火(热处理工艺III)的热处理工艺,可以获得更高的母相有序度,且不会导致马氏体相变,其所产生的bct结构的新相可能是通过形核长大转变而来.     

热处理工艺对TRIP钢性能的影响

采用亚临界等温淬火热处理工艺,得到了含有大量稳定残留奥氏体的一种新型高强度复相钢。该网在Ｍａ－Ｍｄ温度之间形变时,因残留奥氏体的应变诱导马氏体相变和相变诱发塑性－ＴＲＩＰ,延伸率大幅度提高,通过对其力学性能测试及其显微组织分析,探讨了ＴＲＩＰ效应提高结构钢性能的机理,研究了热处理工艺对ＴＲＩＰ结构钢性能的影响。     

低温盐浴渗氮对Custom 465钢耐蚀及耐磨性的影响

为了提高Custom 465马氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢的耐磨性,分别在440、480和520℃对580℃时效后的样品进行了2 h的盐浴渗氮,使用显微硬度计、X射线衍射仪、电化学工作站、球盘式摩擦磨损仪、表面轮廓仪、扫描电镜等设备,研究渗氮温度对Custom 465钢表面物相、硬度、渗层显微形貌、耐蚀性及耐磨性的影响. 随着渗氮温度升高,耐蚀性逐渐降低,但表面硬度增加,520℃处理后表面硬度增大到1240 HV,较未处理试样的400 HV明显上升,渗层厚度达到22μm. 440℃渗氮后表面物相为氮在马氏体基体中过饱和的α'N ,点蚀电位降低约60 mV;480℃时有少量CrN相析出,引起点蚀电位降低约180 mV,同时磨损体积下降约43%;520℃时CrN相的含量明显升高,自腐蚀电位降低约70 mV,无明显的稳态钝化区,磨损体积降低82%,减磨效果明显.     

铝与奥氏体不锈钢的火焰钎焊

为改善铝和不锈钢的焊接接头性能,在奥氏体不锈铜（1Crl8Ni9Ti）的表层热浸镀一层ZL102铝合金,然后采用搭接的形式,应用火焰钎焊工艺进行纯铝（1060）板与奥氏体不锈钢板的焊接。利用金相显微镜和扫描电镜分析焊接接头的微观组织,并用显微维氏硬度仪和万能实验机床测定其显微硬度和拉伸性能。结果表明,通过不锈钢表面热浸镀铝,可实现铝与奥氏体不锈钢的火焰钎焊。在不锈钢／纯铝钎焊焊缝中存在不锈钢／热浸镀铝层、热浸镀铝层／钎缝、钎缝／纯铝三个界面。钎焊接头强度取决于各界面的连接质量。热浸镀铝层／钎缝界面是整个接头中最薄弱的界面,剪切断裂均发生在该区域。钎焊接头各区域中,热浸镀铝区硬度最高,达到99．4MPa。     

Determining role of heterogeneous microstructure in lowering yield ratio and enhancing impact toughness in high-strength low-alloy steel

Here we present a novel approach of intercritical heat treatment for microstructure tailoring,in which intercritical annealing is introduced between conventional quenching and tempering.This induced a heterogeneous microstructure consisting of soft intercritical ferrite and hard tempered martensite,resulting in a low yield ratio(YR)and high impact toughness in a high-strength low-alloy steel.The initial yielding and subsequent work hardening behavior of the steel during tensile deformation were modified by the presence of soft intercritical ferrite after intercritical annealing,in comparison to the steel with full martensitic microstructure.The increase in YR was related to the reduction in hardness difference between the soft and hard phases due to the precipitation of nano-carbides and the recovery of dislocations during tempering.The excellent low-temperature toughness was ascribed not only to the decrease in probability of microcrack initiation for the reduction of hardness difference between two phases,but also to the increase in resistance of microcrack propagation caused by the high density of high angle grain boundaries.     

304不锈钢拉伸变形过程中的马氏体相变

通过单向拉伸实验,研究了304不锈钢在不同应变量及不同应变速率下的马氏体含量与力学性能之间的关系.结果表明:在室温下,当应变速率为3×10-3s-1时,该材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度分别为220及1 260MPa,延伸率为57%,变形后样品中的马氏体体积分数为55%;当应变速率增加到3×10-1s-1时,虽然该材料的屈服强度增至370MPa,但是抗拉强度下降至1 000MPa,延伸率则下降至42%,变形后样品中的马氏体体积分数下降至21%.上述结果说明,该304不锈钢的塑性变形能力与其中的马氏体体积分数密切相关,应变诱导马氏体相变是该钢种的主要变形机制.     

Structural refinement of 00Cr13Ni5Mo2 supermartensitic stainless steel during single-stage intercritical tempering

The 00Cr13Ni5Mo2 supermartensitic stainless steel was first tempered at 570–730℃ for 2 h to observe the microstructure and hardness changes. The tempering temperature was set to 600, 650, and 700℃, which is below, equal to, and above the austenite transformation start temperature, respectively, for each holding period to investigate the effects of tempering time on the structure and properties of the steel. The microstructure of the specimens was examined by optical microscopy and transmission electronic microscopy, and the phase composition was detected by X-ray diffraction. As expected, lath refinement was observed in the steel tempered at 700℃, and the refinement degree significantly depended on the tempering time. Contrary to normal steel softening by tempering, the hardness performance of the steel was significantly enhanced primarily because of the refinement of martensite laths after single-stage intercritical tempering. It is believed that the reverse transformation of martensite (α′) to austenite (γ) is responsible for the refinement.     

表面机械研磨316L不锈钢诱导表层纳米化

采用表面机械研磨处理方法在316L不锈钢上制备出纳米结构表层,用X射线衍射和透射电镜研究横截面组织结构的演变过程,通过测定表层到内部的硬度变化研究纳米化对硬度的影响·结果表明:经过60min表面机械研磨处理后,在距样品表面约100μm深度形成高密度位错;随着应变量和应变速率的增加,在距样品表面约50μm深度诱发了机械孪生,形成了片层状孪晶,并相互交割细化组织;最终在样品表面形成了厚度约为20μm的纳米层,表层显微组织由晶粒尺寸为10～30nm的双相组织(马氏体和奥氏体)组成·表面纳米化是通过位错 孪晶及孪晶 孪晶相互作用实现晶粒细化·表面纳米化后,表层硬度显著提高·     

磨削淬硬加工区域温度的数值模拟

磨削淬硬是利用磨削加工中产生的热——机械复合作用直接对零件表面进行热处理，使工件表面层发生马氏体相变，达到与表面热处理一样性能的一种新技术．本文利用伽辽金方法建立了磨削淬硬加工温度场的有限元模型，并采用三角形热源模型基于ANSYS有限元分析软件对其温度场进行了数值计算．基于温度场数值计算与模拟结果对磨削淬硬加工淬硬层厚度进行了预测，并与实验结果进行了对比，验证了仿真结果的合理性．