聚丙烯酰胺催化蛋白质--耐尔蓝荧光反应阻抑法测定痕量铋

在加热条件下,基于Bi( )对聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)催化蛋白质-耐尔蓝(NB)的荧光反应有强的抑制作用,建立了动力学光度测定铋的新方法。ΔF与CBi( )呈线性关系的范围为0.07～0.52μg/L;检出限为0.005μg/L;对0.10和0.40μgBi( )/L测定的RSD分别为6.4%和2.6%。该方法已用于某些谷物、人发和水样中Bi( )的测定,结果满意。     

在石墨炉内石墨探针表面上的原子化机理研究XI.硝酸铋的原子化机理

研究了硝酸铋在石墨炉内石墨探针表面上的原子化机理，结果表明．硝酸铋首先分解为氧化铋，后者被碳还原生成铋，铋再蒸发进入气相，经历二聚体，尔后分解为气态铋原子。     

Quantification of actinide alpha-radiation damage in minerals and ceramics

There are large amounts of heavy alpha-emitters in nuclear waste and nuclear materials inventories stored in various sites around the world. These include plutonium and minor actinides such as americium and curium. In preparation for geological disposal there is consensus that actinides that have been separated from spent nuclear fuel should be immobilized within mineral-based ceramics rather than glass because of their superior aqueous durability and lower risk of accidental criticality. However, in the long term, the alpha-decay taking place in these ceramics will severely disrupt their crystalline structure and reduce their durability. A fundamental property in predicting cumulative radiation damage is the number of atoms permanently displaced per alpha-decay. At present, this number is estimated to be 1,000-2,000 atoms/alpha in zircon. Here we report nuclear magnetic resonance, spin-counting experiments that measure close to 5,000 atoms/alpha in radiation-damaged natural zircons. New radiological nuclear magnetic resonance measurements on highly radioactive, 239Pu zircon show damage similar to that caused by 238U and 232Th in mineral zircons at the same dose, indicating no significant effect of half-life or loading levels (dose rate). On the basis of these measurements, the initially crystalline structure of a 10 weight per cent 239Pu zircon would be amorphous after only 1,400 years in a geological repository (desired immobilization timescales are of the order of 250,000 years). These measurements establish a basis for assessing the long-term structural durability of actinide-containing ceramics in terms of an atomistic understanding of the fundamental damage event.     

Porous bismuth nanocrystals with advanced sodium ion storage property

Bismuth-based materials are ideal electrodes for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs) due to their high capacity and low cost. However, conventional solid bismuth materials still suffer from severe volume expansion during the reaction process, which hinders its application. Herein, single-crystal bismuth nanospheres with diameters in the range of200–400 nm were successfully prepared with the Na–Bi alloying mechanism studied using in-situ XRD, which confirms a stepwise process of Bi→NaBi→Na3Bi with large v...     

硫脲-碘化钾-马钱子碱分光光度法测定矿石中的铋

研究了在柠檬酸存在的硫酸介质中,矿石中的铋与硫脲-碘化钾-马钱子碱络合染色,用三氯甲烷在室温及100r／min条件下震荡4min萃取其络合物．络合物的最大吸收峰位于460nm处,Bi（Ⅲ）含量在0～20μg范围内符合比尔定律,回归方程为Y=0．09967＋0．00586X,相关系数r=0．99964．对伊犁尼勒克铜矿矿石溶液进行7次平行测量,结果表明,矿石中原矿、精矿、尾矿铋的含量分别为O．003％、0．00064％、0．0028％,RSD在0．3％～2．O％之间,摩尔吸光系数分别是5．3139×10^4、5．3464×10^4、5．3514×10^4,回收率在96．44％-96．74％之间,该测量方法简便易行．     

衬底材料对Bi4Ti3O12薄膜取向度的影响

以正丁醇钛和硝酸铋为原料,用Ｓｏｌ－Ｇｅｌ技术分别在Ｐｔ／Ｔｉ／Ｓｉ、Ｓｉ、Ｙ－ＺｒＯＴｉＯ３（１００）和石英玻璃基片上生长出ｃ轴取向的Ｂｉ４Ｔｉ３Ｏ１２薄膜,研究了衬底材料表面结构对Ｂｉ４Ｔｉ３Ｏ１２薄膜取得度的影响,晶格失配能和Ｂｉ４ＴｉＯ１２晶体的晶面能决定了薄膜的取向程度。     

A triplet of differently shaped spin-zero states in the atomic nucleus 186Pb

Understanding the fundamental excitations of many-fermion systems is of significant current interest. In atomic nuclei with even numbers of neutrons and protons, the low-lying excitation spectrum is generally formed by nucleon pair breaking and nuclear vibrations or rotations. However, for certain numbers of protons and neutrons, a subtle rearrangement of only a few nucleons among the orbitals at the Fermi surface can result in a different elementary mode: a macroscopic shape change. The first experimental evidence for this phenomenon came from the observation of shape coexistence in 16O (ref. 4). Other unexpected examples came with the discovery of fission isomers and super-deformed nuclei. Here we find experimentally that the lowest three states in the energy spectrum of the neutron deficient nucleus 186Pb are spherical, oblate and prolate. The states are populated by the alpha-decay of a parent nucleus; to identify them, we combine knowledge of the particular features of this decay with sensitive measurement techniques (a highly efficient velocity filters with strong background reduction, and an extremely selective recoil-alpha-electron coincidence tagging methods). The existence of this apparently unique shape triplet is permitted only by the specific conditions that are met around this particular nucleus.     

Bi-EDTA配合物简便配制方法可行性研究

根据 Bi3 +极易水解的特性 ,拟出了配制 Bi-EDTA配合物的简单方法。用适量Bi( NO3 ) 3 · 2 H2 O与适量 EDTA同时溶于适量水中 ,充分搅拌 ,调节 p H值 4 -7,(对硝基苯酚变为黄色 ) ,过滤 ,所得滤液即为所需 Bi-EDTA配合物溶液。     

Early history of Earth's crust-mantle system inferred from hafnium isotopes in chondrites

The 176Lu to 176Hf decay series has been widely used to understand the nature of Earth's early crust-mantle system. The interpretation, however, of Lu-Hf isotope data requires accurate knowledge of the radioactive decay constant of 176Lu (lambda176Lu), as well as bulk-Earth reference parameters. A recent calibration of the lambda176Lu value calls for the presence of highly unradiogenic hafnium in terrestrial zircons with ages greater than 3.9 Gyr, implying widespread continental crust extraction from an isotopically enriched mantle source more than 4.3 Gyr ago, but does not provide evidence for a complementary depleted mantle reservoir. Here we report Lu-Hf isotope measurements of different Solar System objects including chondrites and basaltic eucrites. The chondrites define a Lu-Hf isochron with an initial 176Hf/177Hf ratio of 0.279628 +/- 0.000047, corresponding to lambda176Lu = 1.983 +/- 0.033 x 10-11 yr-1 using an age of 4.56 Gyr for the chondrite-forming event. This lambda176Lu value indicates that Earth's oldest minerals were derived from melts of a mantle source with a time-integrated history of depletion rather than enrichment. The depletion event must have occurred no later than 320 Myr after planetary accretion, consistent with timing inferred from extinct radionuclides.     

卤氧化铋光催化去除环境污染物

卤氧化铋基半导体材料具有铋氧层和卤素层交替排布的独特层状结构和易调节的禁带宽度,在直接利用太阳光去除环境污染物方面表现出优异性能和巨大潜力.基于国内外相关研究进展及本课题组近年来的研究成果,该文综述了卤氧化铋材料(氯氧化铋、溴氧化铋和碘氧化铋)光催化去除环境污染物方面的研究成果,主要包括卤氧化铋光催化材料的设计和改性策略,以及上述新材料在重金属离子去除、有机污染物降解和空气净化等领域的研究进展.最后,提出了卤氧化铋光催化材料在环境污染控制领域的研究展望.     

Bi_2O_3纳米纤维的制备、表征及光催化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶过程和静电纺丝技术相结合的方法,以聚丙烯腈(PAN)和硝酸铋为前驱物,制备了PAN/Bi(NO3)3复合纤维,该复合纤维经高温煅烧得到了Bi2O3纳米纤维.利用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱、紫外可见漫反射光谱等测试技术对样品的结构与性能进行了表征.结果表明,Bi2O3纳米纤维为规则的一维结构,直径分布均匀,具有较强的紫外光吸收性能.以罗丹明B为模拟污染物,考察了Bi2O3纳米纤维的光催化性能.实验结果表明,煅烧温度为500℃时,光催化活性最佳,TOC去除率为48.7%.     

含铍含氟硫化铋精矿氯化浸出液中铋、铍、铁物种研究

柿竹园含铍含氟铋精矿成分十分复杂，其氯化浸出液中铋、铍、铁等分别与配位体Ｃｌ－，Ｆ－，ＳＯ２－４形成配合物，物种多达４０余种．因此，弄清这些物种的分配和行为，对于该精矿的冶金过程机理及工艺研究都具有重要意义．本文根据同时平衡原理和电中性原理，建立铋、铍、铁及氯浓度平衡和电荷平衡方程，然后用电子计算机联解，求得了各物种分配，并从理论上分析了几种主要元素在干馏过程中的行为，用以指导干馏工艺研究，实验结果与分析结果彼此符合较好．从而使Ｂｉ－Ｂｅ，Ｂｉ－Ｆｅ分离工艺难题得以解决．     

丝氨酸铋(Ⅲ)配合物的固相合成与表征

通过碘化铋与丝氨酸锂盐间的室温固-固反应合成了纳米丝氨酸铋(Ⅲ)配合物:(C3H6O3N)2Bi(μ-I)2Bi[(C3H6O3N)I].H2O.经元素分析、X-射线粉末衍射(XRD)、远红外光谱和差热-热重分析(TG-DTA)等进行表征,确定了配合物的组成和结构.同时对XRD衍射数据进行指标化,确定配合物的晶系和晶胞参数:丝氨酸铋配合物的晶体结构属于正交晶系,其晶胞参数为a=0.796 7nm,b=1.987 5nm,c=2.203 4nm.     

钨酸铋及其复合材料的制备和可见光催化研究

本文利用水热合成反应成功制备了钨酸铋、碱式硝酸铋和钨酸铋/碱式硝酸铋复合材料等三种光催化材料,并对其进行了XRD、SEM、BET比表面积测试.室温条件下还对三组样品降解亚甲基蓝溶液的可见光催化活性进行了测量.研究表明180℃水热反应12h制备的Bi2WO6纳米材料形成二维片状结构,并且其可见光催化效果最好.     

钨/钼/磷钨/磷钼酸铋盐的催化性能

利用水热和共沉淀法合成了钨酸铋、钼酸铋、磷钨酸铋和磷钼酸铋4种铋系催化剂,通过红外光谱(IR)、紫外光谱(UV-vis)、荧光光谱(FL)、X-ray粉末衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)等手段对所合成样品的形貌和性质进行表征.从制备条件、焙烧温度、不同降解底物等方面对4种催化剂的催化降解性能进行探究和对比,发现当钨酸铋催化剂中W与Bi物质的量之比为1∶2的未焙烧的催化剂催化降解4mg/L的罗丹明B(RhB)的效果最佳,可达98.1%,并对甲基橙、亚甲基蓝等多种有机污染物有一定的催化降解效果;钨酸铋、钼酸铋催化剂也分别对RhB、甲基橙、亚甲基蓝等有良好的催化效果;而磷钼酸铋对上述污染物催化降解效果较差.     

Observation of the radiative decay mode of the free neutron

The theory of quantum electrodynamics (QED) predicts that beta decay of the neutron into a proton, electron and antineutrino should be accompanied by a continuous spectrum of soft photons. While this inner bremsstrahlung branch has been previously measured in nuclear beta and electron capture decay, it has never been observed in free neutron decay. Recently, the photon energy spectrum and branching ratio for neutron radiative decay have been calculated using two approaches: a standard QED framework and heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory (an effective theory of hadrons based on the symmetries of quantum chromodynamics). The QED calculation treats the nucleons as point-like, whereas the latter approach includes the effect of nucleon structure in a systematic way. Here we observe the radiative decay mode of free neutrons, measuring photons in coincidence with both the emitted electron and proton. We determined a branching ratio of (3.13 +/- 0.34) x 10(-3) (68 per cent level of confidence) in the energy region between 15 and 340 keV, where the uncertainty is dominated by systematic effects. The value is consistent with the predictions of both theoretical approaches; the characteristic energy spectrum of the radiated photons, which differs from the uncorrelated background spectrum, is also consistent with the calculated spectrum. This result may provide opportunities for more detailed investigations of the weak interaction processes involved in neutron beta decay.     

铋、铅离子共存时络合滴定铋的误差探讨

本文讨论了pH=1.0时,在pb~(2+)共存下,以二甲酚橙(XO)为指示剂,用EDTA络合滴定Bi~(3+)的误差问题。指出在此pH条件下,XO的主要存在形式为黄色的阴离子——H_5I_n~(2-),进而求得滴定终点时的lgk′Bi-XO值(=5.51),较好地解释了该滴定准确度较高的实验现象。     

弱碱并流沉淀法制备纳米氧化铋

以Bi( NO3)3·5H2O为原料,利用弱碱并流沉淀法制备Bi2O3粉体,实验结果表明最佳的工艺条件为:反应温度为30℃,Bi(NO3)3溶液的浓度为0.20 mol/L,最佳反应pH为8.XRD分析结果表明产物为α - Bi2O3,晶粒尺寸约为34 nm.     

An unusual isotope effect in a high-transition-temperature superconductor

In conventional superconductors, the electron pairing that allows superconductivity is caused by exchange of virtual phonons, which are quanta of lattice vibration. For high-transition-temperature (high-T(c)) superconductors, it is far from clear that phonons are involved in the pairing at all. For example, the negligible change in T(c) of optimally doped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta (Bi2212; ref. 1) upon oxygen isotope substitution (16O --> 18O leads to T(c) decreasing from 92 to 91 K) has often been taken to mean that phonons play an insignificant role in this material. Here we provide a detailed comparison of the electron dynamics of Bi2212 samples containing different oxygen isotopes, using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Our data show definite and strong isotope effects. Surprisingly, the effects mainly appear in broad high-energy humps, commonly referred to as 'incoherent peaks'. As a function of temperature and electron momentum, the magnitude of the isotope effect closely correlates with the superconducting gap--that is, the pair binding energy. We suggest that these results can be explained in a dynamic spin-Peierls picture, where the singlet pairing of electrons and the electron-lattice coupling mutually enhance each other.     

Mg-Al基合金加铋合金化对其力学性能的改善作用

研究了合金元素Ｂｉ对Ｍｇ－９Ａｌ－０．８Ｚｎ（ＡＺ９１）基合金显微组织和力学性能的影响,结果表明Ｂｉ质量分数超过０．５％时,基体中有富Ｂｉ的第二相颗粒形成,并随着Ｂｉ加入量的增多而增加,该颗粒相具有六方Ｄ５２结构,热稳定性较高,适量Ｂｉ的加入改善了合金的铸态组织,提高了合金的室温和高温强度,改善了抗蠕变性能,而塑性有所降低。