烟田烟蚜种群动态与天敌作用的变化

对1999年、2007年云南玉溪地区烟蚜种群动态与天敌种类、作用进行了对比分析.结果表明:烟蚜的种群数量、动态均呈单峰曲线,在7月上中旬密度最大,但无论是烟蚜的日增长率还是平均数量,1999年均高于2007年.烟田内烟蚜的主要天敌有烟蚜茧蜂(Aphidius gifuensis)、蜘蛛类、瓢虫(Coccinella septempunctata,Harmonia axyridis)、黑带食蚜蝇(Episyrphus balteatus)和草蛉(Chrysopa sinica).烟蚜茧蜂、瓢虫、食蚜蝇和草蛉与烟蚜具有一定的跟随关系,而以烟蚜茧蜂的跟随关系最为明显.通过相关与通径分析得出,影响烟蚜种群数量变化的天敌主要有烟蚜茧蜂、瓢虫和草蛉,但随着时间的变化,各天敌对烟蚜的控制作用亦发生了变化.由于长期实施以烟蚜茧蜂防治烟蚜为主体的烟蚜综合治理措施,烟蚜茧蜂已成为当地控制烟蚜种群数量的重要天敌.     

Single-species models for many-species food webs

Most species live in species-rich food webs; yet, for a century, most mathematical models for population dynamics have included only one or two species. We ask whether such models are relevant to the real world. Two-species population models of an interacting consumer and resource collapse to one-species dynamics when recruitment to the resource population is unrelated to resource abundance, thereby weakening the coupling between consumer and resource. We predict that, in nature, generalist consumers that feed on many species should similarly show one-species dynamics. We test this prediction using cyclic populations, in which it is easier to infer underlying mechanisms, and which are widespread in nature. Here we show that one-species cycles can be distinguished from consumer resource cycles by their periods. We then analyse a large number of time series from cyclic populations in nature and show that almost all cycling, generalist consumers examined have periods that are consistent with one-species dynamics. Thus generalist consumers indeed behave as if they were one-species populations, and a one-species model is a valid representation for generalist population dynamics in many-species food webs.     

美国杏李园间种紫花苜蓿和间作红豆草对天敌影响评价

系统地调查了单作与间种紫花苜蓿和间种红豆草杏李园树上天敌的群落动态,评价了间断使用化学农药对天敌功能团的干扰与天敌种群的恢复力的影响.结果表明:在美国杏李树不同的生长发育阶段,间种紫花苜蓿园中、间种红豆草园和未种草常规防治园杏李树上天敌功能团的参数存在差异.种植红豆草果园生物多样性指数高于种植紫花苜蓿的果园和未种草常规防治园.美国杏李园间种紫花苜蓿和间种红豆草对天敌功能团的演替产生一定的作用,杏李树不同发育阶段中,天敌功能团的群落参数随物候而改变.杏李园间种紫花苜蓿园中和间种红豆草对于受到化学农药干扰的天敌功能团种群的恢复与重建有促进作用.     

大豆不同栽培模式与天敌协同对大豆蚜控制作用研究

2008—2010年,在辽宁东部岫岩县进行了大豆不同栽培模式(清种、大豆与玉米8∶2和8∶8间作)与天敌协同对大豆蚜控制作用研究。结果表明,不同栽培模式大豆蚜及天敌种群数量变动趋势有一定差异,但百株蚜量与天敌单位相关均达到极显著或显著水平,天敌跟随紧密,对蚜虫具有明显的控制作用。大豆蚜和天敌一般在7月11日—21日出现第1次高峰(主要危害期),7月26日—8月6日出现第2次高峰,个别年份延后或不明显。各年度间大豆蚜的发生程度不同,3种栽培模式的控蚜作用也有差异。轻发生年(2008、2009年)第1次高峰期3种栽培模式平均百株蚜量较低(0.4万头~1.3万头,清种间作),天敌单位数量较高(51~226个),天敌控蚜作用均比较明显;第2次高峰期平均百株蚜量上升(0.9万头~2.7万头,间作清种),但因天敌、蚜霉菌、植株抗性及小型蚜比例高(70%)等因子综合影响,蚜虫种群迅速下降,大豆均未明显受害。重发生年(2010年)第1次高峰期清种模式平均百株蚜量高达4.6万头,分别是8∶2模式的3.8倍和8∶8模式的2.6倍,天敌不足以控制蚜虫的增长,酿成危害;而间作模式蚜虫增长缓慢,蚜量低(1.2万头,1.8万头),天敌效能高,表明间作模式与天敌协同控蚜效果明显。     

转BADH基因稻田主要害虫及天敌种群动态

利用种群生态学原理,对转BADH基因稻田害虫及其天敌种群动态进行了调查研究。结果表明:转基因稻田与对照稻田(中花8号)害虫和天敌的种类基本相同,发生量有一定差异;转基因稻不同株系中害虫及天敌的种群数量有升有降,但与对照稻田相比差异均不显著;主要害虫和天敌种群动态监测表明:各供试稻田中二点叶蝉、白背飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟的发生高峰期均为7月下旬、7月中下旬和9月上旬,三突花蛛、三色长蝽、纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂的发生高峰期与主要害虫的高发期基本一致,天敌-害虫跟随现象明显。综合分析表明:转BADH基因稻对稻田害虫及天敌无明显的负面影响。     

稻粉虱Aleurocybotus indicus自然种群生命表的研究

本文采用田间笼罩实验种群调查、自然种群定点跟踪调查和室内实验种群试验相结合的方法,将“捕食”、“寄生”、“抗性”、其它(气候及田间管理)作用因子分解开来,组建了以作用因子组配的稻粉虱第三代自然种群生命表与生殖力表;采用排除作用的控制指数(IPC)分析生命表中各作用因子对种群数量的控制作用。天敌、抗性、其它作用因子的控制指数分别为:3.4969、1.5749、5.2857;以自然种群及其排除天敌后种群的生殖力参数内禀增长率r_m等作为判断稻粉虱自然种群发展趋势的指标及分析天敌的控制作用。结果表明,天敌对第三代稻粉虱的控制作用是明显的,但并不能控制第四代稻粉虱种群增长趋势。因此,在制定稻粉虱的综合防治中,需要结合其它防治措施。     

新疆吐鲁番棉区自然天敌对棉蚜的控制作用研究

调查了新疆吐鲁番地区棉花苗期至吐絮期施药棉田和不施药棉田中棉蚜及其主要天发生动态,结合投影寻踪回归分析结果评价棉田中自然天敌 对棉蚜的控制作用,结果表明,不施药棉田中草蛉和瓢虫对棉蚜有着良好的自然控制能力,施药棉田中常用的化学杀虫剂虽能短期控制棉蚜种群数量,但同时也严重杀伤了其天敌,不能达到长期控制蚜害虫的目的。     

Experimental demonstration of chaos in a microbial food web

Discovering why natural population densities change over time and vary with location is a central goal of ecological and evolutional disciplines. The recognition that even simple ecological systems can undergo chaotic behaviour has made chaos a topic of considerable interest among theoretical ecologists. However, there is still a lack of experimental evidence that chaotic behaviour occurs in the real world of coexisting populations in multi-species systems. Here we study the dynamics of a defined predator-prey system consisting of a bacterivorous ciliate and two bacterial prey species. The bacterial species preferred by the ciliate was the superior competitor. Experimental conditions were kept constant with continuous cultivation in a one-stage chemostat. We show that the dynamic behaviour of such a two-prey, one-predator system includes chaotic behaviour, as well as stable limit cycles and coexistence at equilibrium. Changes in the population dynamics were triggered by changes in the dilution rates of the chemostat. The observed dynamics were verified by estimating the corresponding Lyapunov exponents. Such a defined microbial food web offers a new possibility for the experimental study of deterministic chaos in real biological systems.     

Stage-structured cycles promote genetic diversity in a predator-prey system of Daphnia and algae

Competition theory predicts that population fluctuations can promote genetic diversity when combined with density-dependent selection. However, this stabilizing mechanism has rarely been tested, and was recently rejected as an explanation for maintaining diversity in natural populations of the freshwater herbivore Daphnia pulex. The primary limitation of competition theory is its failure to account for the alternative types of population cycles that are caused by size- or stage-dependent population vital rates--even though such structure both explains the fluctuating dynamics of many species and may alter the outcome of competition. Here we provide the first experimental test of whether alternative types of cycles affect natural selection in predator-prey systems. Using competing Daphnia genotypes, we show that internally generated, stage-structured cycles substantially reduce the magnitude of selection (thereby contributing to the maintenance of genetic diversity), whereas externally forced cycles show rapid competitive exclusion. The change in selection is ecologically significant, spanning the observed range in natural populations. We argue that structured cycles reduce selection through a combination of stalled juvenile development and stage-specific mortality. This potentially general fitness-equalizing mechanism may reduce the need for strong stabilizing mechanisms to explain the maintenance of genetic diversity in natural systems.     

Unexpected features of Drosophila circadian behavioural rhythms under natural conditions

Circadian clocks have evolved to synchronize physiology, metabolism and behaviour to the 24-h geophysical cycles of the Earth. Drosophila melanogaster's rhythmic locomotor behaviour provides the main phenotype for the identification of higher eukaryotic clock genes. Under laboratory light-dark cycles, flies show enhanced activity before lights on and off signals, and these anticipatory responses have defined the neuronal sites of the corresponding morning (M) and evening (E) oscillators. However, the natural environment provides much richer cycling environmental stimuli than the laboratory, so we sought to examine fly locomotor rhythms in the wild. Here we show that several key laboratory-based assumptions about circadian behaviour are not supported by natural observations. These include the anticipation of light transitions, the midday 'siesta', the fly's crepuscular activity, its nocturnal behaviour under moonlight, and the dominance of light stimuli over temperature. We also observe a third major locomotor component in addition to M and E, which we term 'A' (afternoon). Furthermore, we show that these natural rhythm phenotypes can be observed in the laboratory by using realistic temperature and light cycle simulations. Our results suggest that a comprehensive re-examination of circadian behaviour and its molecular readouts under simulated natural conditions will provide a more authentic interpretation of the adaptive significance of this important rhythmic phenotype. Such studies should also help to clarify the underlying molecular and neuroanatomical substrates of the clock under natural protocols.     

Biological mechanism of controlling cotton aphid (Homoptera: aphididae) by the marginal alfalfa zone surrounding cotton field

At the beginning stage of cotton aphids (Aphis gossypii Glover) invading the cotton field, large numbers of insects have accumulated in the marginal alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) zone surrounding it. They are 6.94 times (excluded natural enemies) as many as the aphids in cotton field. Most of these insects areTherioaphid maculata (Buckton), and occur in fields 10–15 d earlier than cotton aphids. Consequently, abundant natural enemies have bred in alfalfa zone when cotton aphids increase rapidly in cotton fields in the middle of June in Xinhe County, Xinjiang Autonomous Region. The total number of the major natural enemies, including Coccinellids, Chrysopids and Syphid flies in alfalfa zone, is 13.65 times that in cotton field within the same acreage of fields. At this period, it is very effective to force the natural enemies from the alfalfa zone into the nearby cotton field to control the rapid increase of cotton aphid population by cutting the alfalfa stands.     

Linking climate change to lemming cycles

The population cycles of rodents at northern latitudes have puzzled people for centuries, and their impact is manifest throughout the alpine ecosystem. Climate change is known to be able to drive animal population dynamics between stable and cyclic phases, and has been suggested to cause the recent changes in cyclic dynamics of rodents and their predators. But although predator-rodent interactions are commonly argued to be the cause of the Fennoscandian rodent cycles, the role of the environment in the modulation of such dynamics is often poorly understood in natural systems. Hence, quantitative links between climate-driven processes and rodent dynamics have so far been lacking. Here we show that winter weather and snow conditions, together with density dependence in the net population growth rate, account for the observed population dynamics of the rodent community dominated by lemmings (Lemmus lemmus) in an alpine Norwegian core habitat between 1970 and 1997, and predict the observed absence of rodent peak years after 1994. These local rodent dynamics are coherent with alpine bird dynamics both locally and over all of southern Norway, consistent with the influence of large-scale fluctuations in winter conditions. The relationship between commonly available meteorological data and snow conditions indicates that changes in temperature and humidity, and thus conditions in the subnivean space, seem to markedly affect the dynamics of alpine rodents and their linked groups. The pattern of less regular rodent peaks, and corresponding changes in the overall dynamics of the alpine ecosystem, thus seems likely to prevail over a growing area under projected climate change.     

Lagged effects of ocean climate change on fulmar population dynamics

Environmental variation reflected by the North Atlantic Oscillation affects breeding and survival in terrestrial vertebrates, and climate change is predicted to have an impact on population dynamics by influencing food quality or availability. The North Atlantic Oscillation also affects the abundance of marine fish and zooplankton, but it is unclear whether this filters up trophic levels to long-lived marine top predators. Here we show by analysis of data from a 50-year study of the fulmar that two different indices of ocean climate variation may have lagged effects on population dynamics in this procellariiform seabird. Annual variability in breeding performance is influenced by the North Atlantic Oscillation, whereas cohort differences in recruitment are related to temperature changes in the summer growing season in the year of birth. Because fulmars exhibit delayed reproduction, there is a 5-year lag in the population's response to these effects of environmental change. These data show how interactions between different climatic factors result in complex dynamics, and that the effects of climate change may take many years to become apparent in long-lived marine top predators.     

浅谈高空机械喷撒天敌在农林害虫防治中的应用

探讨了飞行器及机械喷撒天敌在农林害虫防治上的应用,观察、研究了肿腿蜂、赤眼蜂、蒲螨、瓢虫等喷剂天敌的成活率和防治率。结果表明：高空机械喷撒天敌喷剂有很高的成活率,防治效率和防治效果高于传统的天敌防治。     

日本松干蚧综合防治试验初报

<正>1973-1982年在南京、杭州、无锡等地建立了试验林,对日本松干蚧进行了一系列综合防治试验。制定了日本松干蚧生命表,分析了松干蚧花蝽、大赤螨、瘿蚁等捕食性天敌的作用。试验表明,促使松干蚧种群数量下降的关键是在具备一定数量捕食性天敌条件下的苏云金杆菌蜡螟变种松干蚧品系的流行,这种杆菌的流行可导致松干蚧种群急剧下降至“经济允许水平”以下。秋季喷菌时间离10月上旬越迟,感病越低;喷菌时间在5-7月或11月及其后,效果都不好;春季3-4月效果中等。翌春温高湿低,特别是干旱,松干蚧杆菌病流行速度减慢。其机理主要是对雌成虫和初孵若虫喷菌时湿度要很高,喷菌后松干蚧虫体要积水才易感病。对松干蚧其他虫态用喷杆菌方法还不易使其感病。 试验还证明,六六六丁体对此菌有强烈抑制作用。过去各地使用过量六六六防治松毛虫,是招致松干蚧大发生的原因之一。     

七星瓢虫的研究概况

本文从七星瓢虫的迁飞行为、觅食行为、捕食作用、人工饲料、天敌及抗药性等几个方面对其进行了综述 ,旨在使人们对七星瓢虫这一蚜虫的优势种天敌的重要习性 ,生防作用等方面有所了解 ,从而加强自然天敌的物种保护意识     

分散种植模式下杂交杏李园节肢动物的种群动态研究

分散种植是我国传统的农业种植模式,但由此产生的生境丧失与破碎化是农业生态系统中自然天敌对害虫控制能力下降的重要因素.本文以农村分散种植的39户杂交杏李果园为研究斑块,利用网捕法、巴氏罐诱集等方法,研究了新建杂交杏李园中节肢动物种群的构建、扩散和转移.结果表明,随着树龄的增长,果园节肢动物逐步占据种植斑块.不同种群占据所有斑块所需的时间长短不一,种群密度逐渐增长,杂交杏李在种植后的8年种群密度趋于稳定,具有明显的时滞期、扩散期和饱和期.农户分散种植和耕作方式的改变会产生明显的斑块效应和隔离效应,从而影响果园自然天敌及害虫种群.因此利用农业景观格局进行以害虫生物防治为中心的设计与规划有着巨大的前景.     

爪类蔬菜昆虫群落（包括蛛形纲和软体动物）的研究——Ⅱ．群落的数量动态

报道了瓜类昆虫群落（包括蛛形纲和软体动物门中的一此有害生物及天敌）的数量动态，从两方面进行了分析描述，（1）主要优势害虫和天敌的消长规律。（2）利用群落特征比较不同时期的昆虫群落。     

The potential role of pathogens in biological control

It is now well established that pathogens such as viruses, fungi bacteria and protozoans can have profound effects on the dynamics of their invertebrate host populations. Theoretical models of invertebrate host-pathogen interactions which assume uniform structure of the pathogen population may reasonably explain the oscillatory behaviour observed in some systems, but do not adequately describe the existence of more constant populations found in other host-pathogen interactions. An examination of the literature relating to these relatively stable systems suggests that the common thread is the eventual transmission of some of the more protected, longer-lived stages of the pathogen occurring in reservoirs, such as the soil, host cadavers on trees, or the live host itself. In this letter, I propose a new theoretical model which incorporates this population structure and accounts for the range of dynamics observed in natural systems. In particular, I show that host populations may be regulated to low and relatively constant densities if sufficient numbers of pathogens are trans-located from pathogen reservoirs to habitats where transmission can occur. An understanding of pathogen reservoirs may be of value in the design of biological control programmes and may greatly increase the effectiveness of pathogens as biological control agents.     

棉虫天敌的田间消长及其对害虫的控制作用

在所试验的棉田共查得棉虫天敌17科、29属、30种,害虫8科、17属、14种。试验表明,在棉花整个生育期天敌共出现四个高蜂期,其数量随害虫的发生数量增加而增加。天敌对害虫有明显的控制作用。施用化学农药会大量杀伤天敌。不同的施药方式和不同的化学农药对天敌的影响不同。天敌控制一般害虫较控制钻蛀性害虫的作用要明显。