一种油田用酸化胶凝剂PA-GA10的研制与性能评价

以阴离子单体A为主要合成单体,采用水溶液聚合的方式合成了一种酸化胶凝剂.产品特性黏度[η]为(694.3 ～731.7) mL/g.研究了单体质量浓度、引发剂浓度、反应时间、反应温度和聚合体系pH值对该产品特性黏度的影响,确定其最佳合成条件为:单体质量浓度为50％、引发剂用量为0.05％、反应时间为6h、反应温度为50℃、聚合体系的pH值为5.并对其用做酸化胶凝剂进行了室内性能评价,结果表明,产品具有较好的热稳定性和剪切稳定性,具有较好的开发前景.     

二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵的均聚

为了解决聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)合成时分子量低的问题,采用系统的单因素研究方法,先后对单体质量分数、引发剂用量、聚合反应温度、EDTA-Na4用量、pH值、单体纯度等影响单体聚合的因素进行了较为详细的研究,最终获得了各参数的最佳组合条件,即:反应4 h、聚合温度50℃、单体起始质量分数67%、引发剂质量浓度0.3%、pH5.0、EDTA质量浓度150 mg/L.采用此工艺条件对"-步 两步"法单体进行聚合,得到特性黏度高达2.7 dL/g的PDMDAAC.     

聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵的合成及其固色性能研究

以二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵为原料,以过硫酸铵/亚硫酸钠为引发体系,在水相介质中进行聚合,制备了一种无甲醛固色剂,并将该固色剂应用于活性染料染黑色织物的固色处理.探讨了引发剂用量、反应时间、反应温度和反应体系pH值对产品固色性能的影响.优化出较佳的合成工艺为:引发剂用量为单体用量的0.9%,反应时间4 h,反应温度70℃,反应体系pH值为6.8~7.0.将合成的聚合物应用于活性染料染色织物的固色处理,耐干摩擦色牢度可达4～5级,耐湿摩擦色牢度可达3级,耐洗色牢度可达4级,与未固色的织物色牢度相比均提高了0.5级.     

P(AM-DM)的反相乳液聚合研究

应用反相乳液聚合方法研究了二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DM)与丙烯酰胺(AM)的共聚物P(AM-DM)合成过程中单体质量分数、引发剂质量分数、体系的pH值、反应温度、反应时间等对所得聚合物特征黏数的影响.结果表明:以VA-044为引发剂且质量分数为0.3%、单体质量分数为20%、DM/AM物质的量比为0.4、体系pH为5、在55℃反应5 h、油的体积分数为30%时,所得产物的特征黏数达12以上.用所得的P(AM-DM)聚合物处理辽河油田、胜利油田的含油污水,当特征黏数超过12且使用浓度为1.0 mg/L时,处理后水的透光率可达到90%以上.     

阴离子聚丙烯酰胺的合成及其性能研究

通过紫外光引发技术,分别采用共聚法和改性法合成阴离子聚丙烯酰胺(Anionic polyacrylamide,APAM),共聚法以丙烯酸钠(AANa)、丙烯酰胺(AM)为单体,改性法以AM为单体、通过氢氧化钠水解,目标合成特性粘数大,应用效果良好APAM。结果表明:共聚法n(Na AA):n(AM)=0.32,单体质量分数32%,引发剂浓度0.084%,反应温度38℃为最佳反应条件,产物特性粘数为1219m L/g,AM转化率为99.98%;改性法n(Na OH):n(AM)=0.16,单体质量分数35%,引发剂浓度0.082%,反应温度35℃为最佳反应条件,产物特性粘数为923m L/g,AM转化率为99.96%。通过红外光谱表征符合APAM特征基团,通过煤泥水应用表征有良好的絮凝效果。     

响应曲面法优化聚丙烯酰胺的反相乳液聚合

通过二次回归正交旋转组合实验设计,以单体质量分数、引发剂质量分数和反应温度为考察因素,用响应曲面法分析了这3个因素对产物聚丙烯酰胺特性粘数的影响.通过采用DPS数据处理软件,建立了聚合工艺的预测模型,预测最佳聚合工艺条件为:ω(单体)=40.0%,ω(引发剂)=0.2%,反应温度41.6℃,预测特性粘数为14.00 dL·g-1,验证实验所得的特性粘数为12.25 dL·g-1.两者结果相近,说明响应曲面法优化得到的聚丙烯酰胺反相乳液聚合模型是适用可行的.     

硫酸钡阻垢剂的制备及性能评价

以丙烯酸(AA)、衣康酸(IA)、丙烯酸甲酯(MAC)及2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)为单体,过硫酸铵为引发剂,采用水溶液自由基聚合法制备了IA/AA/MAC/AMPS新型四元聚合物阻垢剂。在单因素实验条件下分析单体配比、引发剂用量、聚合温度及反应时间对阻垢性能的影响,并运用正交实验研究合成新型阻垢剂的最佳反应条件组合。确定最佳合成条件为:IA/AA/MAC/AMPS 4种单体质量配比为2∶1∶1∶0. 75,引发剂质量为4种单体总质量的8%,聚合温度为80℃,反应时间为3. 5 h。利用静态阻垢法对所研制的阻垢剂进行阻垢效果评价,研究了阻垢剂质量浓度、温度、pH值对阻垢效果的影响。实验结果表明,阻垢剂质量浓度为80 mg/L时,阻垢率为80. 46%,对硫酸钡的阻垢效果最好;在温度为85℃时,阻垢率可达82. 87%;随着pH值的增加,阻垢率变化趋势较明显,在pH值呈中性的溶液中阻垢效果最好。利用红外光谱对共聚物的结构进行了表征,并确定该共聚物分子链中含有所引入的官能团。     

反相乳液法合成淀粉接枝AM、DM共聚物研究

以淀粉为基材，通过反相乳液聚合法与丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酸二甲胺基乙酯进行接枝反应制备共聚物．考察了引发剂种类及用量、乳化剂种类及用量、单体配比、盐类添加剂等因素对单体转化率、接枝率、产物特性粘数的影响．以过硫酸铵-尿素为引发体系，Span20与OP4以40：60质量比配制复配物为乳化剂，其质量分数为7％，pH8，淀粉与单体的质量比为1：1．4，接枝率可达135．4％，产品特性粘数可达1080mL/g．加入甲酸钠产品特性粘数降低；加入乙酸钠和丙酸钠产品特性粘数增加，其中乙酸钠用量为0．3％时，产品特性粘数为1230mL／g．     

抗盐性AA-AMPS共聚分散剂的合成

以丙烯酸(AA)与2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)为共聚单体,过硫酸铵为引发剂,异丙醇为链转移剂,采用水溶液聚合法,合成了AA-AMPS共聚物.研究了引发剂用量、链转移剂用量及聚合反应温度等因素对聚合产物黏均分子质量的影响.实验结果表明,在n(AA)∶n(AMPS)=96∶4,引发剂质量分数(基于两种单体)为2%～5%,链转移剂质量比(基于两种单体)为0.30～0.95,单体质量分数(基于反应体系)为40%,反应温度在85～100℃,反应时间3 h的条件下,合成出了黏均分子质量在3900～10 000范围内的AA-AMPS共聚物.最后对产物进行了红外光谱分析.     

反相微小乳液合成速溶高分子量聚丙烯酸钠

以聚异丁烯丁二酰亚胺、十二烷基硫酸钠为乳化剂,采用反相微小乳液法合成了速溶高分子量聚丙烯酸钠.研究了乳化剂和pH值对聚合体系稳定性的影响以及(NH4)2S2O8—甲基丙烯酸—N、N—二甲氨基乙酯(DMAEMA)—NaHSO3引发剂、单体浓度、烯丙醇对聚合物性能的影响.结果表明,最佳的实验条件:pH值等于10;乳化剂用量为5%(油相);引发剂浓度分别为0.06%、0.04%、0.02%(W单体);烯丙醇的浓度为0.08%(W单体);单体浓度为40%(水相).在最佳实验条件下,合成聚合物分子量超过2×107,且溶解性能优于溶液聚合和反相悬浮聚合所得产品.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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