生态恢复重建研究与发展现状及存在的主要问题

环境退化是世界各国普遍面的重要问题,并使得环境退化后的生态恢复重建成为当前各国重视的焦点和生态学研究的热点之一,本文讲座了生态恢复重建研究的形成与发展,国内外相关研究的概况及特点,深入阐述了当前生态恢复重建存在的主要问题。     

长江上游拟退化经济生态系统开发性恢复与重建的可持续发展研究

本文在总结国内外有关生态经济系统理论与方法和长江上游拟退化经济生态系统的实证分析的基础上,提出了具有强烈的实际应用背景的长江上游拟退化经济生态系统开发性恢复与重建的管理研究课题,具有科学性、先进性及创新性。依据经济生态特征,以战略的眼光、系统的观点和定量分析的方法,研究该系统恢复与重建的原则、层次、结构与功能,经济子系统与生态子系统互相促进与制约的机理及结构的优化。同时,以长江上游地区经济生态发展规划为研究对象,对经济社会生态复合系统研究的方法论及数学模型群进行系统探索。通过对长江上游拟退化经济生态系统的自然资源环境发展现状与趋势,经济生态结构等方面进行全面、系统、综合评价,确立该地区综合开发的指导思想、原则和基本目标;建立该系统系列数学模型进行系统分析,为该地区的资源最优配置与其综合开发实际项目的选择提供科学     

生态恢复重建的基本观点

环境退化不仅是一个生态问题,也是一个经济问题,更是与区域持续发展紧密结合的社会问题。生态恢复重建不能仅仅就环境退化问题而开展生态功能的恢复重建,而不去考虑经济恢复重建和区域脱贫与持续发展问题。本文在生态学理论发展回顾的基础上,阐明了当前生态恢复重建面临的紧迫任务,提出了生态恢复重建的新思路,即以生物多样性为基础,以食物链结构为网络,构建不同层次、不同区域（环境）的生态链。在生态链的基础上构建产业链,使生态链与产业链有机整合,形成持续健康的区域经济发展能力。随后介绍了采用这一思路进行实践的成功案例。     

草地与农牧交错带退化生态系统重建及防治途径

草地不仅是草地畜牧业的基地，而且在生态环境保护与建设方面的作用尤为重要。草原与农牧交错带，即不同于西部牧区，也不同于东部农区。根据它在地理、气候、农林牧产业结构、生态、经济、文化、社会等方面具有自己独特地位的实际情况，因地制宜提出了相应之对策，为国家在西部大开发和草地与农牧交错带生态环境的恢复提供科学依据。     

恢复生态学与热带雨林的恢复

本文论述恢复生态学的学科内涵、学科发展及其意义。指出恢复生态学的研究对象是那些在自然灾变和人类活动压力条件下受到破坏的自然生态系统的恢复和重建问题，并形成迅速发展的现代生态学的分支学科和世界关注的焦点学科。学科的发展与应用对提高区域生产力、改善生态环境、使资源得以持续利用、经济得以持续发展具有重要的意义。文章进一步对地带性顶极类型的植被的恢复，尤其是对被誉为地球肺部的热带雨林的可恢复性问题进行讨论。     

关于恢复生态学

本文探讨了恢复生态学的各个方面，提出恢复生态学就是研究如何创造出高生产力的，在一定时间尺度和空间尺度内具有稳定性和平衡性的并且具有可持结发展能力的人工生态２系统的科学。     

中国西南亚高山针叶林的生态学问题

中国西南地区的亚高山针叶林是该区天然林保护工程的主体,是重要的生态屏障。本文对亚高山针叶林进行了界定,简要介绍了中国西南亚高山针叶林的种类组成、分布和类型,讨论了亚高山针叶林退化演替途径及其恢复与重建等生态学问题,并进一步提出有关亚高山针叶林的快速恢复等对策与加强相关生态学研究的建议。     

土壤生态位及其应用

在生态位理论的基础上,提出了土壤生态位的概念及类型,并认为,（1）生态入侵与物种对土壤生态位的竞争排斥作用密切相关;（2）土壤肥力是土壤生态位的表现形式;（3）土壤生态位是土壤与生物（尤其是植被）协同进化的产物; （4）土壤生态位理论对退化土壤生态系统的恢复与重建及生态农业建设均具有重要的指导作用。     

长江上游干暖河谷冲的景观的发生演变

通过对小流域的航片,土壤剖面,泥沙堆积与土地利用历史等详尽的综合对比分析,定量评价了土地利用变化对冲沟发生演变的影响,在长江上游安宁河干暖河谷选择了两个代表性的冲沟,分别对其形状和土壤流失的体积进行了详细的野外调查,测定和计算,研究结果表明,安宁河干暖河谷的冲沟侵蚀速率高达375吨／公顷／年。西昌地区数百年来景观持续演变,特别是20世纪中期人为强烈的不合理采伐森林,过度放牧和农业垦殖,造成了大量冲沟系统的形成和发展。采取以控制冲沟侵蚀为主的有效水土保持措施,对中国青藏高原东缘干旱河谷脆弱山地环境的生态恢复与重建具有重大实践意义。     

三峡库区消落带分区固土护岸模式

三峡库区消落带是库区陆域与水库之间生态过渡的缓冲带,在生态系统中发挥着极重要的作用,也是生态系统极度脆弱的地区之一。保护三峡水库,使三峡工程有效运转,是该地区生态环境保护的当务之急。本文以消落带为研究对象,依据消落带功能及生态环境特点,论述了植被恢复与重建对消落带固土护岸的重要性,总结了固土护岸的植被技术及其与小型工程措施相结合的治理方法,并因地制宜地提出了消落带分区固土护岸模式,以期促进该模式的推广和应用,从而为长江三峡库区消落带的生态恢复与重建提供经验及技术支撑。     

四湖流域景观生态建设与流域生态管理研究

本文分析了江汉平原四湖流域主要的生态环境问题,并以景观生态学理论为指导,探讨了通过景观生态建设和流域生态管理对四湖流域生态环境进行治理的方法和措施,目的在于优化和重构流域生态结构,推进流域生态恢复和综合治理。     

Marine Fischereibiologie und allgemeine Meeresbiologie

Summary A review is given of the general development of marine biological research, both fundamental and applied. When marine fishery research was instituted, there was no lead from fundamental marine ecology, as would generally be the case from fundamental research to applied. But fundamental research profitted from the commercial interest in fishery science and was greatly promoted along with it. The mutual promotion of both lines of research is shown in the work ofHensen andHeincke. In modern times, one method has been found equally suitable for, and has been generally applied in, both lines of research: this is the establishment of the abundance and distribution of a single species and developmental stages in the sea on repeated cruizes of research vessels, in relation to the distribution of external conditions, such as temperature, salinity, currents, nutrients, food organisms and animal predators. Important indications concerning the influence of external conditions on populations could be derived from similar observations. At present, investigations in experimental ecology are urgently needed in order to corroborate the inferences drawn from these in situ-observations. Moreover, the progress of fishery research will to no small degree depend on increased investigations in marine animal physiology and in the microbiology of the seas.     

道路景观生态学研究进展

道路景观生态学目前在国内还是一个较新的概念,作者认为该领域主要包括三方面内容道路生态学影响、道路景观美学评价、道路景观规划与设计。本文从这三个方面分别综述了道路景观生态学国内外研究进展情况,并提出研究的重点领域道路的理化环境污染,道路修建对动植物栖息地的影响,道路景观空间格局与过程之间的相互作用机理,区域尺度道路网络的景观破碎化效应,道路生态学的网络理论,道路系统与周围环境的相互作用机制;道路选线对具有特殊美学价值(如自然河流、原始地貌、地方文化特色)区域的影响研究,道路使用者与沿线居民美学感知研究,公众参与途径机制的研究;3S技术在道路前期选线应用研究,道路构造物的美学处理等。最后本文对我国在该领域研究做了展望,认为未来应着重从两个方面进行突破总结国内外现有成果,引入新方法与理论,开展前沿领域研究;以典型旅游公路为突破口,开展细致深入的景观调查、路线优选、构造物美学设计等工作,以期公路设计部门形成重视前期道路景观选线与后期景观设计的思想。     

环境微生物的分子生物学研究方法

本文介绍了在环境微生物生态研究中的分子生物学方法如分子杂交，聚合链式扩增技术PC震，rRNA基因同源分析法，新型凝胶电泳技术，生物醌谱图法等和应用。这些技术的使用将大大扩展微生物生态学研究的空间，并使得在分子水平研究生态问题的机制成为可能。     

Chemical ecology of bark beetles

Summary The purview of chemical ecology and the recent criticisms of improper application of theory to bark beetle phenomena is briefly discussed. Seven levels of research in chemical ecology are presented as well as their relationship to research on bark beetles. The biology and chemical ecology of several pest bark beetles from North America and Europe are discussed in regard to host tree selection theories of random landing on trees or attraction to semiochemicals. The diversity and similarities of pheromone components among species are presented in relation to their biosynthesis from host tree precursors and in relation to the ecological implications of de novo or precursor syntheses. Individual variation in biosynthesis of, response to, and release of pheromones is discussed. Olfactory perception of semiochemicals at both the electrophysiological and behavioral levels is presented. Orientation to semiochemicals during walking and flying is discussed with reference to the significance of dose-response curves for determining a compound's functionality in short- or long-range communication. The regulation of attack density, termination of the aggregation, mechanisms of attack spacing, and recognition of host suitability are presented in the context of an individual's avoidance of intra- and interspecific competition. Finally, a brief summary of topics where our understanding of the chemical ecology of bark beetles and their associates is poorly known is presented.     

Introduction to values and pluralism in the environmental sciences: From inferences to institutions

Philosophers of science continue to elaborate our understanding of the roles that values play in scientific reasoning, practice, and institutions. This special issue focuses on the environmental sciences, a mosaic of fields ranging from restoration ecology to forestry to climatology, unified by its attention to the relationships between humans and their habitats. It is a field that revolves around ameliorating environmental problems, aiming to support the provision of social goods and provide guidance to policymakers about how to regulate individuals and industries. Values abound in such judgments as setting the boundaries of an ecosystem, integrating the human dimensions of social-ecological systems, and collaborating with stakeholders. Since few in the field are likely to insist that these judgments can be made without reference to social values, environmental science can serve as fertile ground for exploring the ethical, social, and political terrain at the frontier of the science and values discourse.     

青藏高原东部暗针叶林采伐迹地土壤环境变化

本文综述目前暗针叶林采伐迹地土壤物理、化学、生物学性质及水土流失情况的研究现状，指出其存在：(1)重点轻面，对生态恢复过程研究不多；(2)重植被调查，而对土壤环境变化研究较少；(3)对迹地生态环境变化机理研究不多等问题，提出迹地生态环境变化研究与生态恢复过程相结合，应展开对采伐迹地影响最大的生态环境因子的地下0．4m和地上1．5m的立体空间层次的综合长期定位研究。     

农业科研中的科学发展观探讨

农业科学研究需要自然辩证法，农业生产发展和作物育种栽培，特别在病虫害防治方面，转基因植物的发展，生态环境开发和治理，都需要科学发展观和节约资源高效利用及和谐发展。     

Genetic ecology: A new interdisciplinary science,fundamental for evolution,biodiversity and biosafety evaluations

Genetic ecology is the extension of our modern knowledge in molecular genetics to studies of viability, gene expression and gene movements in natural environments like soils, aquifers and digestive tracts. In such milieux, the horizontal transfer of plasmid-borne genes between phylogenetically distant species has already been found to be much more frequent than had been expected from laboratory experience. For the study of exchanges involving chromosomally-located genes, more has to be learned about the behaviour of transposons in such environments. The results expected from studies in genetic ecology are relevant for considerations of evolution, biodiversity and biosafety. The role of this new field of research in restoring popular confidence in science and in its biotechnological applications is stressed.     

Light perception in higher plants

Photosynthetic plants depend on sunlight as their energy source. Thus, they need to detect the intensity, quality and direction of this critical environmental factor and to respond properly by optimizing their growth and development. Perception of light is accomplished by several photoreceptors including phytochromes, blue/ultraviolet (UV)-A and UV-B light photoreceptors. In recent years, genetic, molecular genetic and cell biological approaches have significantly increased our knowledge about the structure and function of the photoreceptors, and allowed the identification of several light signal transduction components. Furthermore, this research led to fruitful interaction between different disciplines, such as molecular biology and ecology. It is safe to assume that we can expect more milestones in this research field in the upcoming years.