重庆外来入侵植物调查研究

经多年调查积累和资料查阅,发现重庆市有外来入侵植物46种39属21科.其中具有严重危害性植物3种(空心莲子草、凤眼莲和红花酢浆草),较严重危害性植物6种,一般影响植物37种.重庆已发现紫茎泽兰,应尽早清除,否则后果严重.同时简略讨论了外来入侵植物的入侵过程,危害作用,控制清除方法.     

阻击外来物种入侵

外来物种入侵是当今世界最棘手的三大生态环境难题之一,外来物种入侵引起的灾害比比皆是,如何阻击外来物种入侵,已成为当前科学研究的一个热点。国家环保总局有关负责人近日也提出警告:外来物种入侵正成为威胁我国生物多样性与生态环境的重要因素之一,在我国几乎所有类型的生态系统中都出现了外来有害物种的危害。据统计,松材线虫、湿地松粉蚧、松突圆蚧、美国白蛾、松干蚧等森林入侵害虫严重发生与危害的面积在我国每年已达150万公顷左右。美洲斑潜蝇、马铃薯甲虫、非洲大蜗牛等农业入侵的害虫近年来每年严重发生的面积达到140万至160万公顷。入侵我国东北、华北、华东、华中的豚草,入侵西南地区的紫茎泽兰和飞机草,入侵广东的薇甘菊,在我国华东、华中、华南、西南地区作饲料引进的空心莲子草与水葫芦,沿海省区引进的大米草等的蔓延,对本地生物多样性和农业生产造成了巨大威胁,已经到了难以控制的局面。这些物种疯长成灾,侵入草场、林地和荒地,很快形成单种优势群落,导致原有植物群落的衰退。     

外来入侵植物喜旱莲子草的研究进展

喜旱莲子草已经成为我国的恶性入侵杂草.本文从喜旱莲子草的自身繁殖特性、生理生态适应性、群落内的种间关系、遗传多样性及其防治研究等方面综述近年来的研究现状,同时针对目前研究中存在的问题探讨今后喜旱莲子草研究的发展方向.大量的研究表明,喜旱莲子草的繁殖特性可能是影响它入侵的主要因子.但在入侵过程中它对各种环境的适应性是极为多样的,有可能是多方面的综合因素决定了其入侵的成功.     

喜旱莲子草气候生态位的特征及在入侵过程中的变化

入侵物种的气候生态位是对其进行有效预测和控制所需的重要信息。然而,目前大部分研究关注局域尺度特定入侵地与原产地的差别比较,对全球尺度不同入侵地及原产地之间气候生态位的种内变异了解非常有限。喜旱莲子草是广泛入侵全球多个地区的恶性的入侵植物之一,目前对其气候生态位知之甚少。本研究分别从环境空间(E-space)和地理空间(G-space)的角度评估喜旱莲子草原产地种群的气候生态位,并将其与北美、东亚、大洋洲入侵地进行比较,以揭示入侵前后气候生态位的变化。结果发现与喜旱莲子草的原产地种群相比,入侵种群的气候生态位发生了显著变化,且变化方向在不同的入侵种群间存在较大差异。其中,入侵亚洲的种群占据了比原产地更为广泛的地理生境和生态空间,而入侵北美洲的种群则仅能利用部分原产地种群的气候生态位,并且其气候生态位扩展比例极低,入侵澳洲的种群的环境空间则呈现扩展和未填充比例双高的特征。对环境因子的分析结果表明：低温和夏季降水共同限制了北美洲入侵种群的北向扩散,而入侵亚洲的种群则能占据着比原产地更冷的环境。这些结果可为气候变化背景下对喜旱莲子草的入侵预测和管理提供帮助,同时也表明广泛入侵全球多个地区的物种...     

重庆市北碚区入侵植物风险评估

通过对重庆市北碚区入侵植物种类的调查,结果显示入侵植物共41种,隶属于19个科,34个属.调查发现,部分物种已形成较大危害,部分存在潜在危害.本文采用国际上有害生物风险分析"PRA"(Pest Risk Analysis),以及国内外来入侵植物风险评价指标体系等,将北碚区外来入侵植物进行定量分析并排序.结果显示,41种外来入侵植物中,有18种属于高危害风险植物、12种中危害风险植物、11种低危害风险植物.有30种物种危险性综合评价均达到二级及以上,属于中、高度危害性植物.其中风险等级由高到低排列前10的分别为小白酒草、落葵薯、空心莲子草、反枝苋、相思草、三叶鬼针草、凤眼莲、日本菟丝子、土荆芥、刺苋.     

空心莲子草的生殖及入侵特性

2001年在郑州黄河岸边对空心莲子草的生殖和入侵特性进行了研究,结果显示:空心莲子草的无性繁殖是其入侵的主要方式;六边形或三角形的单元网络空间构型是空心莲子草能够入侵其它生态系统的条件之一。     

2013-03 科技要闻

 中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园冯玉龙等研究了多种入侵机制对飞机草入侵我国的作用,该成果对认识外来植物入侵机理有重要意义。研究人员在飞机草的原产地墨西哥和入侵地中国的两个同质种植园中,通过让来自入侵地和原产地的飞机草分别与来自两地的本地植物竞争,研究人员发现：飞机草入侵种群可能通过进化提高了竞争能力,降低了天敌防御能力,该结果支持了增强竞争能力的进化假说;来自飞机草原产地墨西哥的本地植物竞争能力强于来自飞机草入侵地中国的本地植物,支持了生物阻抗假说;与来自墨西哥的本地植物相比,中国的本地植物种子萌发对飞机草化感作用更敏感,进而支持新化学武器假说。     

重庆市北碚区入侵植物现状及防治对策研究

在野外调查、标本采集鉴定的基础上,结合文献资料,初步分析了重庆市北碚区外来入侵植物的种类组成、分布状况、原产地、危害程度,并且提出防治对策与建议.结果表明:北碚区有45种入侵植物,隶属于20科,其中菊科种类最多,有11种;原产地为美洲的种类最多,有29种;草本最多,有37种;空心莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides、小白酒草Conyza canadensis和落葵薯Anredera cordifolia危害程度最为严重;其中歇马镇有入侵植物种数33种,危害程度最为严重.     

基于叶绿素荧光参数分析铜锤草(O.xalis corymbosa)和紫叶酢浆草(O.triangularis)对光照因子的适应特点

利用调制叶绿素荧光技术测定了野外不同光强条件下入侵植物铜锤草种群的叶绿素荧光参数,获得了它们的快速光响应曲线,以及光合量子产量、相对电子传递速率的日变化,并与阳生环境下同属的外来植物紫叶酢浆草进行了比较,发现铜锤草是一种阳生植物,但也能够较好地适应阴生环境;紫叶酢浆草的最大相对电子传递速率、半饱和光强、快速光响应曲线的初始斜率均与铜锤草的相似,反映出两者对光照条件有相似的需求;鉴于铜锤草已表现出入侵性种群的特点,今后要加强对紫叶酢浆草入侵性的预警.     

基于叶绿素荧光参数分析铜锤草(O.xalis corymbosa)和紫叶

利用调制叶绿素荧光技术测定了野外不同光强条件下入侵植物 铜锤草种群的叶绿素荧光参数,获得了它们的快速光响应曲线,以及 光合量子产量、相对电子传递速率的日变化,并与阳生环境下同属的 外来植物紫叶酢浆草进行了比较,发现铜锤草是一种阳生植物,但也 能够较好地适应阴生环境; 紫叶酢浆草的最大相对电子传递速率、 半饱和光强、快速光响应曲线的初始斜率均与铜锤草的相似,反映出 两者对光照条件有相似的需求; 鉴于铜锤草已表现出入侵性种群的 特点,今后要加强对紫叶酢浆草入侵性的预警.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that