SAP-controlled T-B cell interactions underlie germinal centre formation

Generation of long-term antibody-mediated immunity depends on the germinal centre reaction, which requires cooperation between antigen-specific T and B lymphocytes. In human X-linked lymphoproliferative disease and its gene-targeted mouse model, loss-of-function mutations in signalling lymphocyte activation molecule-associated protein (SAP, encoded by SH2D1a) cause a profound defect in germinal centre formation by an as yet unknown mechanism. Here, using two-photon intravital imaging, we show that SAP deficiency selectively impairs the ability of CD4(+) T cells to stably interact with cognate B cells but not antigen-presenting dendritic cells. This selective defect results in a failure of antigen-specific B cells to receive adequate levels of contact-dependent T-cell help to expand normally, despite Sap(-/-) T cells exhibiting the known characteristics of otherwise competent helper T cells. Furthermore, the lack of stable interactions with B cells renders Sap(-/-) T cells unable to be efficiently recruited to and retained in a nascent germinal centre to sustain the germinal centre reaction. These results offer an explanation for the germinal centre defect due to SAP deficiency and provide new insights into the bi-directional communication between cognate T and B cells in vivo.     

流加葡萄糖对L-天冬酰胺酶发酵的影响及其动力学特性

着重讨论了葡萄糖对Ｌ－天冬酰胺酶发酵过程的影响,并对其发酵动力学特性进行了分析。采用自动流加葡萄糖控制发酵ｐＨ的工艺,可使Ｌ－天冬酰胺酶活力达到６４ｕ／ｍｌ,比添加葡萄糖的摇瓶发酵提高了１４６％。流加葡萄糖控制ｐＨ的Ｌ－天冬酰胺酶发酵是生长相关的;维持２～５ｍｇ／ｍｌ和１．２～１．４ｍｇ／ｍｌ的葡萄糖浓度,可分别使比生长速率和比产酶速率达到０．８１／ｈ和１２００ｕ／ｇ．ｈ。     

壳聚糖修饰L-天门冬酰胺酶对酶活及抗原的影响

采用水溶性壳聚糖对L－天门冬酶胺酶进行化学修饰，修饰后的酶活回收率高达705，修饰酶的比活为每毫克蛋白质121.79U，pH值为7.4，更接近于人体血浆pH值(7.2-7.4），对底物的亲和力有所提高，稳定性增加，抗原性仅为自然酶的1／3，增加了临床使用的安全性。     

乙二胺羟丙基壳聚糖固定化天门冬酰胺酶的研究

研制了新型壳聚糖胺基衍生物-乙二胺羟丙基壳聚糖（EDA-HPCS）,并将其用于固定天门冬酰胺酶,分别考察了甲醛活化载体和戊二醛活化载体对固定化酶活力的影响,结果表明,在适当的固定化条件下,甲醛活化EDA-HPCS的固定化酶活力约为30U/g载体,而戊二醛活化EDA-HPCS固定化酶活力约为16U/g载体。     

pH对L-天冬酰胺酶发酵的影响及其控制

pH对大肠杆菌L-天冬酰胺酶的产生有很大的影响.通过对不同缓冲体系试验和对摇瓶发酵过程pH变化的分析,了解摇瓶发酵过程中pH对L-天冬酰胺酶合成的影响.采用流加磷酸自控L-天冬酰胺酶发酵过程的pH,可延长发酵周期,有效地防止菌体的过早自溶,大大促进L-天冬酰胺酶的合成,较分批发酵提高产酶83%,达到110 u/mL.发酵动力学特性分析表明,该发酵方式L-天冬酰胺酶的合成与菌体生长不相关,控制比生长速率μ为0.15～0.30 h-1,均有利于L-天冬酰胺酶的合成,可使比产酶速率的最大值Qpmax达到3 922 u/(g h).     

Mechanism of antigen-driven selection in germinal centres

The high affinity of antibodies produced during responses to T-cell-dependent antigens is associated with somatic mutation in the variable region of the immunoglobulin. Indirect evidence indicates that: (1) this arises by a process of hypermutation, acting selectively on rearranged immunoglobulin variable-region genes, which is activated in centroblasts within germinal centres; and (2) centrocytes, the progeny of centroblasts, undergo selection on the basis of their ability to receive a positive signal from antigen. We have now performed experiments analysing this selection process, and found that, on culture, centrocytes isolated from human tonsil kill themselves within a few hours by apoptosis. This is not a feature of other tonsillar B cells. Centrocytes can be prevented from entering apoptosis if they are activated both through their receptors for antigen and a surface glycoprotein recognized by CD40 antibodies.     

均匀分布区间中心的估计

给出了均匀分布区间中心的点估计量,求出了它的密度函数,并讨论了它的优良性和几种收敛性.另外,通过构造统计量,给出了区间中心的区间估计及其假设检验方法.     

Intraclonal generation of antibody mutants in germinal centres

The generation and selection of somatic antibody mutants are key elements of acquired immunity, essential for the affinity maturation of antibody responses dependent on T cells. The mutants are generated through a mechanism that introduces point mutations at high rate into rearranged variable (V) region genes in the course of cell proliferation. Their appearance coincides with the generation of germinal centres, which are characterized by oligoclonal B-cell proliferation and have been suggested to be the microenvironment in which antibody mutants are generated. We report here direct evidence for this hypothesis. Rearranged V-region genes were amplified from the genomic DNA of cells picked from individual germinal centres. The sequence analysis of these genes revealed that most represent cells of distinct B-cell clones which expanded locally, generating somatic antibody mutants at high rate. By contrast, antigen-induced proliferation of B cells at another site, periarteriolar lymphocyte sheath-associated foci, was not associated with somatic hypermutation.     

物流配送中心选址方案模糊决策分析

为了解决物流配送中心选址方案选择问题,采用模糊决策分析法进行研究。建立影响因素指标体系,并采用判断矩阵分析法确定影响因素权重系数;研究多目标模糊决策方法,包括构建因素指标矩阵、构建模糊矩阵、对各方案进行决策;通过多个选址方案实例说明决策分析方法的全过程。结果表明:模糊决策分析方法很好地解决了物流配送中心选址中的模糊性、非确定性问题,实际应用时要灵活地确定评价指标体系和权重,采用定性分析与定量计算相结合的方法确定各方案的影响因素值。该成果对确定物流配送中心选址方案具有一定的理论和实用价值。