Adsorption-induced scission of carbon-carbon bonds

Covalent carbon-carbon bonds are hard to break. Their strength is evident in the hardness of diamonds and tensile strength of polymeric fibres; on the single-molecule level, it manifests itself in the need for forces of several nanonewtons to extend and mechanically rupture one bond. Such forces have been generated using extensional flow, ultrasonic irradiation, receding meniscus and by directly stretching a single molecule with nanoprobes. Here we show that simple adsorption of brush-like macromolecules with long side chains on a substrate can induce not only conformational deformations, but also spontaneous rupture of covalent bonds in the macromolecular backbone. We attribute this behaviour to the fact that the attractive interaction between the side chains and the substrate is maximized by the spreading of the side chains, which in turn induces tension along the polymer backbone. Provided the side-chain densities and substrate interaction are sufficiently high, the tension generated will be strong enough to rupture covalent carbon-carbon bonds. We expect similar adsorption-induced backbone scission to occur for all macromolecules with highly branched architectures, such as brushes and dendrimers. This behaviour needs to be considered when designing surface-targeted macromolecules of this type-either to avoid undesired degradation, or to ensure rupture at predetermined macromolecular sites.     

超声波透射法检测大直径超长桩

介绍了超声波透射法检测大直径超长桩桩身质量、完整性的基本原理和检测方法；详细讨论了桩身缺陷性质、位置和大小的诊断方法；针对测试过程中出现的各种异常现象，提出了相应的处理方法，以避免误判。     

Identification of comet Hyakutake's extremely long ion tail from magnetic field signatures

Observations of the varying orientations of comet tails led to the suggestion of the existence of the solar wind--a continuous outflow of ionized material from the Sun. It is now well established that gas from comets is ionized by several processes and joins the solar wind, forming an ion (plasma) tail that points away from the Sun. The plasma environments of three comets have been measured in situ, but only in the upstream direction or less than 8,000 km downstream of the nucleus. Here we report a fortuitous crossing by a spacecraft of the plasma tail of comet Hyakutake (C/1996 B2), at a distance of more than 3.8 astronomical units (550 million kilometres) from its nucleus. This surpasses the tail length of 2 AU determined for the Great March Comet of 1843 (C/1843 D1). Our measurements reveal that, at this distance, the tail of comet Hyakutake was a structured entity at least 7 million kilometres in diameter.     

Structure modification of unsaturated natural products:The epoxidation of carbon-carbon double bonds in some natural products with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by iodine

Aim To afford an environmentally benign catalytic epoxidation of carbon-carbon double bonds in organic substrates using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant and iodine as a catalyst.Method The effects of di...     

The role of long range forces in ordered arrays of tobacco mosaic virus.

We examine the role of electrostatic repulsion and van der Waals' attraction in determining interviral spacings in 'equilibrium' gels of tobacco mosaic virus. The observed spacings are inconsistent with a force-balance model. Experimental probes of the role of forces are suggested.     

深长隧道断层带施工方案优化

以某高速公路隧道断层带施工为工程背景,采用FLAC3D数值分析法对隧道断层破碎带施工进行动态开挖模拟,对比分析了中隔壁法和上下台阶法2种方案引起的力学响应。研究结果表明:断层带围岩变形主要受最大主应力控制,剪应变主要呈"沿隧道纵向中间小两边大,沿断面竖向两边小中间大,沿断面横向右边小左边大"的变化趋势;围岩破坏主要为剪切破坏,断层上盘为最危险地带;此工程背景下,中隔壁法优于上下台阶法,中隔壁法导坑一的施工是关键环节。     

分子动力学模拟烷烃链条数对其在氧修饰石墨烯纳米孔中迁移的影响

为了分析高分子在纳米孔中迁移问题,更好地为纳米器件的设计提供理论支持,采用分子动力学方法模拟了一系列链条数不同的烷烃分子在氧修饰石墨烯纳米孔中的钻孔,研究了链条数N对钻孔条数的影响,给出了均方位移MSD和扩散系数D随N变化的规律.研究结果表明:穿孔条数随着链条数的增加上升明显,但当链条数多到一定程度后,穿孔烷烃数较为缓慢地下降.     

高低层风向差异对核电厂长期大气弥散因子计算的影响

 为比较风场上下不一致时计算大气弥散因子的差异,使用CAirDos 模式计算福建某沿海核电厂的长期大气弥散因子,并与CEIRA 模式的计算结果进行对比,结果显示两种模式计算出的最大长期弥散因子出现的方位相同,均对应于低层最多风向（东北东,23.2%）的下风向,而次大值出现的方位不同。其中,CAirDos 计算的长期大气弥散因子的次大值出现在低层（10 m）次多风向（北东,10.4%）的下风向;而CEIRA 模式计算的长期大气弥散因子的次大值出现在高层（80 m）主导风向（北,16.5%）的下风向。CAirDos 使用的是单层风速数据,高层风速经风廓线修正得到,风向保持不变,保证了高、低层风向的一致,而CEIRA 需要使用高层及低层两层的风速数据,当高层及低层风向不一致时,将影响长期大气弥散因子的计算结果。     

用正常色散光纤进行增益开关 DFB 激光器光脉冲压缩

研究了利用正常色散光纤压缩１．５５μｍ增益开关ＤＦＢ激光器出射的光脉冲。从激光器的单模速率方程出发，利用数值方法研究了在不同的增益开关状态下，输出光脉冲的时域及频域特性。以此光脉冲作为初始脉冲并利用非线性薛定谔方程及分步傅立叶方法研究其在正常色散光纤中的压缩效应。理论研究指出激光器的增益开关状态对输出光脉冲的啁啾分布有较大影响，从而影响了脉冲的压缩效果。实验中利用这种方法，将重复频率为５ＧＨｚ、初始脉宽为４２．６ｐｓ光脉冲压缩至６．２ｐｓ。理论与实验结果吻合。