弹性波超构表面研究进展

弹性波超构表面是一种新型的超薄超材料,它革新了对弹性波的传统调控方式,特别是为低频弹性波的调控提供了新的思路.本文首先根据被调控弹性波的波型,分类介绍了弹性波超构表面的基本概念、工作原理和最新的研究进展,指出了目前弹性波超构表面研究中存在的问题,随后重点论述了弹性波超构表面的工程应用,包括模式分离、能量传输和低频减振,最后对未来的研究工作进行了展望.     

基于Hilbert分形的亚波长空间盘绕型声学超材料

声学超材料因其自然界不存在的奇特性能而展现良好的工程应用前景.本文借鉴自相似分形技术在仿生材料设计领域的成功经验,将Hilbert分形结构应用于亚波长空间盘绕型声学超材料设计.即采用Hilbert分形曲线设计卷曲的声波传播通道,以延长声波传播路径,获取超慢等效声速.能带结构及传递函数的分析结果表明,随着Hilbert分形阶数增加,第一阶带隙频率逐渐降低,且其标准频率远小于1.此外,随着Hilbert分形阶数增加,带隙数量逐渐增多,且总带隙宽度逐渐变大.因此,基于高阶Hilbert分形的空间盘绕型声学超材料为亚波长、多带隙声学滤波器的设计提供了新思路.     

非均匀饱和土中平面波的传播特性

基于Biot多孔介质理论,假设材料物理力学特性沿厚度方向连续变化,利用回传射线矩阵法(RRMM),建了非均匀饱和土平面波动问题的弥散方程,其中考虑了土体的非均匀性、惯性、粘滞以及固体颗和流体的可压缩性.通过数值算例,分析了非均匀饱和土中的弹性波的传播特性,结果表明:两类纵波的波数和耗散沿材料特性变化的方向变化不大,而非均匀性对横波的波数和耗散有着明显的影响.     

一种新型双弹簧、双活塞本构模型在聚合物黏弹性质描述中的应用研究

推导了双弹簧、双活塞黏弹性力学模型的本构方程.在CETR UMT-2型试验机及LKDM-2000轮廓摩擦磨损仪上考察了尼龙PA66、聚四氟乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚甲醛和聚醚型聚氨酯等材料的静态蠕变特性、松弛特性.分别利用标准线性固体模型和新型本构模型对实验材料的蠕变、松弛特性进行了表征.实验事实及理论计算结果表明,相对于标准线性固体模型而言,该力学模型能更好地反映聚合物材料的蠕变、松弛等黏弹性质.     

一维拉伸的本构方程不能直接推广处理二维胀形的力学问题

超塑性成形已经在形状复杂、尺寸精度高的零部件加工中得到广泛的应用, 并有良好的发展前景. 然而, 超塑性成形均处于多向应力状态. 但是, 长期以来, 均把单向拉伸的本构方程直接推广处理多向的理论问题. 这在定量处理中是否正确, 亟需理论证明. 首先简述了超塑性一维拉伸和二维胀形变m值本构方程的建立, 并结合从连续介质塑性力学基本理论所导出的自由胀形的等效应力σ 和等效应变速率 的解析式, 分别用拉伸和胀形的本构方程导出了超塑自由胀形最佳加压规律的解析表达式. 进而结合典型超塑性合金ZnAl22实验数据进行了定量比较. 结果判明, 不能把单向拉伸的本构方程直接推广处理二维胀形的定量力学问题, 处理胀形的定量力学问题, 必须用在胀形应力状态下建立的二维胀形的本构方程.     

基于变密度法的水声隔声超材料拓扑逆向设计

低声阻抗超材料在水下环境中可以被视为声学软边界,并且在水声隔声方面具有重要应用前景.然而,设计出能够有效阻隔低频水声声波(<1000 Hz)的低声阻抗超材料仍然面临挑战.本文基于变密度法,对具有90°旋转对称性的低声阻抗超材料开展拓扑逆向设计,得到了一类具有中心四边形框架附着变截面韧带拓扑特征的声学超材料,其声阻抗只有水的1/40～1/30.有限元仿真揭示了超材料在薄厚度约束下(41 mm)能够在200～1000 Hz低频宽带范围内实现高效的水声隔声,平均隔声量大于19 dB.进一步等效参数分析发现,通过改变超材料方位角,能够产生纵波速度远小于横波速度的新颖物理现象.慢纵波速度使得超材料获得更低的等效声阻抗,从而进一步实现低频宽带水声隔声性能.本文的工作有望为低频宽带水声隔声超材料设计提供一种新的思路.     

基于本构模型的橡胶衬套刚度分析

选取Mooney-Rivlin、YEOH和Ogden三种超弹性本构模型,以橡胶材料基本力学实验数据为基础,识别出三种本构模型的参数。建立汽车悬架橡胶衬套有限元模型,以三种本构模型设置材料属性,计算了橡胶衬套轴向、径向和扭转三个方向的静态力学特性。结果表明,在小变形范围内,YEOH对橡胶衬套轴向变形仿真效果较好,Mooney-Rivlin模型对径向和扭转变形仿真效果较好。     

基于Hvorslev面的超固结土本构模型

基于Hvorslev面、当前屈服面和参考屈服面之间的相互关系, 提出潜在强度的概念, 并将其与特征状态应力比一起引入到统一硬化参数中来建立超固结土的本构模型. 所提出的模型能够反映超固结土的硬化、软化、临界状态、剪缩和剪胀等应力应变特性以及应力路径对它的影响, 此超固结土模型仅比剑桥模型增加了一个材料参数, 即Hvorslev面的切线斜率. 通过Fujinomori粘土的常规三轴排水试验结果证明了基于Hvorslev面的超固结土模型能够合理地描述超固结土的基本力学特性, 同时还预测了等向压缩条件的应力应变关系和不排水三轴试验条件下的应力路径.     

考虑结构非线性的铁路弹性车轮动态特性研究

为研究结构非线性(包括弹性车轮橡胶材料非线性和接触边界非线性)对弹性车轮力学行为的影响,设计静动态试验获得弹性车轮中橡胶材料非线性本构关系并探讨了橡胶黏弹性特性;推导弹性车轮系统中橡胶弹性模量与刚度的转换关系,并确定黏弹性橡胶材料的刚度特性;基于橡胶Yeoh本构模型,建立整体车轮、线弹性车轮、考虑材料非线性特性的弹性车轮(以下简称:非线性弹性车轮)以及同时考虑材料与接触非线性特性的弹性车轮(以下简称:接触弹性车轮)等四个动力学模型,研究四种车轮模型在轮轨垂向力激扰下车轮的动态规律,并探明橡胶材料参数对弹性车轮动态特性的影响.研究表明:弹性车轮能有效降低车轮垂向振动;线弹性车轮的端点和中点较之非线性弹性车轮分别最大增加10%和13%的变形量,且橡胶中点变形量小于端点变形量;线弹性车轮较之整体车轮最大能降低17%的垂向振动,非线性弹性车轮较整体车轮最大能降低22%的垂向振动,同时考虑橡胶材料非线性和接触非线性对弹性车轮的动态特性影响不显著;四种车轮振动主频均为3～5, 10以及22 Hz;弹性车轮的振动和变形量随材料硬度增加而增加.     

人工微结构材料与热的调控

人类目前利用能源的效率还很低,大量的能源以废热的形式被浪费掉了,因此对废热的处理和利用是关系到国民经济和环境保护的重大问题.通过人工微纳结构材料实现热能的转换及控制是近年来兴起的一个交叉领域,它涵盖了物理学、化学、材料科学、工程等诸多学科.本文综述了该领域的最新发展情况:包括微纳米结构对热电材料的热电优值的提升,声子晶体中热导率的急剧减小,热二极管等声子热能器件对热能的调控、以及热学隐身衣等热超构材料的理论设想和实验实现.最后,总结了中国在这个领域的研究现状,并展望了未来的发展方向和趋势.     

Holism, physical theories and quantum mechanics

Motivated by the question what it is that makes quantum mechanics a holistic theory (if so), I try to define for general physical theories what we mean by `holism'. For this purpose I propose an epistemological criterion to decide whether or not a physical theory is holistic, namely: a physical theory is holistic if and only if it is impossible in principle to infer the global properties, as assigned in the theory, by local resources available to an agent. I propose that these resources include at least all local operations and classical communication. This approach is contrasted with the well-known approaches to holism in terms of supervenience. The criterion for holism proposed here involves a shift in emphasis from ontology to epistemology. I apply this epistemological criterion to classical physics and Bohmian mechanics as represented on a phase and configuration space respectively, and for quantum mechanics (in the orthodox interpretation) using the formalism of general quantum operations as completely positive trace non-increasing maps. Furthermore, I provide an interesting example from which one can conclude that quantum mechanics is holistic in the above mentioned sense, although, perhaps surprisingly, no entanglement is needed.     

基于散体动力学理论的掘进机星轮装载机构研究

为了解决掘进机星轮对物料推力过大,物料因惯性而不随轮齿同步运动的问题,运用散体动力学理论分析掘进机装载机构的星轮轮齿推移物料的运动过程.建立力学和数学模型,推导出掘进机星轮机构装载过程中保持物料稳定运行的推力计算公式和轮齿许用加速度范围;并用计算机模拟轮齿推力与轮齿参数的关系,提出了轮齿推移物料的动力学模型和方程,为星轮装载机构的设计和研究提供了参考依据.     

Can Bohmian mechanics be made background independent?

The paper presents an inquiry into the question regarding the compatibility of Bohmian mechanics, intended as a non-local theory of moving point-like particles, with background independence. This issue is worth being investigated because, if the Bohmian framework has to be of some help in developing new physics, it has to be compatible with the most well-established traits of modern physics, background independence being one of such traits. The paper highlights the fact that the notion of background independence in the context of spacetime physics is slippery and interpretation-laden. It is then suggested that the best-matching framework developed by Julian Barbour might provide a robust enough meaning of background independence. The structure of Bohmian dynamics is evaluated against this framework, reaching some intermediate results that speak in favor of the fact that Bohmian mechanics can be made background independent.     

A remark on Fuchs’ Bayesian interpretation of quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics is a theory whose foundations spark controversy to this day. Although many attempts to explain the underpinnings of the theory have been made, none has been unanimously accepted as satisfactory. Fuchs has recently claimed that the foundational issues can be resolved by interpreting quantum mechanics in the light of quantum information. The view proposed is that quantum mechanics should be interpreted along the lines of the subjective Bayesian approach to probability theory. The quantum state is not the physical state of a microscopic object. It is an epistemic state of an observer; it represents subjective degrees of belief about outcomes of measurements. The interpretation gives an elegant solution to the infamous measurement problem: measurement is nothing but Bayesian belief updating in a analogy to belief updating in a classical setting. In this paper, we analyze an argument that Fuchs gives in support of this latter claim. We suggest that the argument is not convincing since it rests on an ad hoc construction. We close with some remarks on the options left for Fuchs’ quantum Bayesian project.     

Whence the eigenstate–eigenvalue link?

David Wallace has recently argued that the eigenstate–eigenvalue (E–E) link has no place in serious discussions of quantum mechanics on the grounds that, as he claims, the E–E link is an invention of philosophers rather than the community of practicing physicists. This raises an historical question regarding the origin of the link. This paper aims to answer this question by tracing the historical development of the link through six key textbooks of quantum mechanics. In light of the historical evidence from these textbooks, it is argued that Wallace provides insufficient grounds for dismissing the E–E link from discussions of quantum mechanics.     

非线性量子力学的建立

笔者在长期研究工作的基础上,从提出非线性量子力学的基本原理出发,建立起了非线性量子力学理论,形成了完整的非线性量子力学的理论体系。从而把量子力学从线性领域推广和发展到非线性领域。在本文中笔者描述了建立这个非线性量子力学的物理背景,它的基本构思,研究的技术路线,产生的实际效果,与国际同类研究比较,本研究的创新和特点以及研究的重大意义。     

围压对圆形巷道岩爆过程中声发射及能量释放规律的影响

利用FLAC模拟了不同围压下圆形巷道围岩岩爆过程中的声发射及能量释放过程。利用8个FISH函数开挖巷道,统计破坏单元数目及破坏单元在应变软化阶段的能量释放总量和能量释放率。模拟分为3步:首先,将静水压力施加在模型上,直到达到静力平衡状态;然后开挖巷道;最后,重新计算,直到达到静力平衡状态或者塑性流动状态。模拟结果表明,当围压较高时,开挖巷道后的围岩的声发射活动呈现间歇式上升特征;而当围压较低时,开挖巷道后的围岩中的声发射活动最终趋于平静;随着围压的增加,能量释放现象出现得早些,声发射累计数、释放的弹性应变能都增加。在开挖巷道后的围岩中,发生剪破坏的单元释放的弹性应变能总量大于发生拉破坏的,最高的剪应变能释放率大于最高的拉应变能释放率。     

The quantitative content of statistical mechanics

I give a brief account of the way in which thermodynamics and statistical mechanics actually work as contemporary scientific theories, and in particular of what statistical mechanics contributes to thermodynamics over and above any supposed underpinning of the latter׳s general principles. In doing so, I attempt to illustrate that statistical mechanics should not be thought of wholly or even primarily as itself a foundational project for thermodynamics, and that conceiving of it this way potentially distorts the foundational study of statistical mechanics itself.     

Weak static magnetic fields increase the speed of circumnutation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) tendrils

Tendrils are thread-like organs whose function is to support the stems of many species of climbing plants. Tendrils naturally move (circumnutate) in space. Individual tendrils of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Poinset had the vertical component of their mean velocity vector of circumnutation changed when exposed to a range of weak static magnetic fields between 1 and 16 mT. The speed (modulus) of the velocity vector was significantly increased (p=0.016) in the vicinity of a magnet, but its direction did not show a definite trend with respect to the magnet. Although cucumber tendrils bear static positive charges, they did not behave as charged bodies do in a magnetic field, neither did they show a magnetotropic response. In fact, tendrils showed a nastic response to magnetism. Magnetic fields affected some processes underlying the movement of circumnutation, but no clear interpretation of them can be given presently on the basis of the known effects of magnetism on plants. It is clear that cucumber tendrils, because of some inherent susceptibility to magnetism or their particular size and shape, are very sensitive to relatively low static magnetic field strengths.