含碳球团直接还原熔分机理

为了探究含碳球团还原熔分机理,将分析纯的Fe₂O₃、氧化物和不同还原剂固结成球并进行等温还原实验,研究了温度、还原时间、配碳量、还原剂种类等条件对球团还原熔分行为的影响.进一步采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜等手段表征了含碳球团在不同还原时间的微观结构及物相变化.实验结果表明:焙烧温度过低或过高含碳球团都不能良好熔分,配碳量增加可以提高球团还原和熔分速率,适宜的温度、碳氧摩尔比、还原剂分别是1400℃、1.2和煤粉.含碳球团还原熔分包括直接还原反应、间接还原反应、碳的气化反应、渗碳反应和铁的熔化反应,最后实现渣铁分离.     

含碳球团的低温熔分

根据低nC/nO含碳球团直接还原-低温熔分工艺制备粒铁的技术思想,进行了低nC/nO含碳球团低温条件下的熔分实验研究.实验结果表明,1 300℃,nC/nO为0.8的含碳球团,还原熔分时间为55 min时,得到的铁粒中存有少量熔渣2FeO.SiO2;60 min时渣铁则完全分离,铁粒中几乎没有熔渣存在.nC/nO为0.8和0.85的含碳球团还原后渣相FeO质量分数较高,熔点较低,易于渣铁熔化分离.nC/nO为0.9的含碳球团渣相FeO的质量分数较低,熔点较高,需要较长时间或在较高温度下才能进行渣铁分离.在1 320℃,nC/nO为0.8,还原熔分时间为60 min时,铁的收得率可达86.1%以...     

含碳球团还原的显微观察

利用万能金相显微镜MeF3观察含碳试样在惰性气体中的还原过程,验证了含碳球团的反应机理,即通过气体介质将固-固反应转化为气-固反应;渣相及排气现象的变化清楚的表明:提高温度,可提高含碳球团的金属化率,但温度过高,将加重矿粉间的烧结,导致还原反应动力学条件恶化.     

津布巴铁精矿含碳球团还原实验研究

高炉炼铁工艺中炼焦、球团、烧结工序是主要污染源,本实验模拟转底炉工艺采用煤粉为还原剂实现直接还原铁的清洁生产。实验以津布巴铁精矿为原料,对该铁精矿进行XRD分析、扫描电镜分析和热失重分析。实验采用含碳球团焙烧还原工艺,通过四因素三水平正交实验研究各因素对焙烧球团的金属化率的影响。结果表明:在含碳球团焙烧还原过程中,对金属化率的影响程度从大到小的因素分别为焙烧温度、碱度、焙烧时间和配碳量,其中,当配碳量为1.0,温度为1 150℃,碱度为0.37,焙烧时间为25 min是得到高金属化率焙烧球团的最佳条件,球团焙烧后的残炭量与焙烧温度和碱度也有较大关系,最终球团金属化率均在80%以上。     

含碳球团还原的显微观察

利用万能金相显微镜 Me F3观察含碳试样在惰性气体中的还原过程 ,验证了含碳球团的反应机理 ,即通过气体介质将固 -固反应转化为气 -固反应 ;渣相及排气现象的变化清楚的表明 :提高温度 ,可提高含碳球团的金属化率 ,但温度过高 ,将加重矿粉间的烧结 ,导致还原反应动力学条件恶化。     

氩气氛铬铁矿含碳球团还原动力学

用热重法研究了铬铁矿含碳球团在氩气流中还原过程动力学,考察了还原温度、球团中配碳量和铬铁矿粉粒度等对还原过程的影响。应用颗粒模型对还原过程的实验数据进行了动力学解析,发现在本实验条件下,球团还原中对速度的限制步骤是铬铁矿颗粒还原产物层中的内扩散过程。进一步的分析步明,在 1 200℃ 以下和以上两个温度区间,该内扩散过程的活化能不同。分别求出了这两个区间的有效内扩散系数的阿仑尼乌斯表达式,得到了铬铁矿含碳球团还原过程的综合速度式。应用所获得的动力学方程对不同加热条件下的还原过程进行模拟计算,与实验结果相当符合。     

配碳比对热压含碳球团软熔滴落性能的影响

在碱度固定为1.20的条件下,系统研究了配碳比n(FC)/n(O)对热压含碳球团软熔滴落性能的影响,并进行了理论分析.研究表明,配碳比对软化区间、熔化区间、滴落率等软熔滴落性能参数有显著的影响.随着配碳比增加,软化区间t40～t4先变窄后加宽,在配碳比为1.00时最窄,降至348℃;熔化区间tD～tS也先变窄而后加宽,当配碳比为1.00时最窄,降至46℃;滴落率先增加后降低,在配碳比为1.08时滴落率最高,达到24.66%.从软熔滴落性能角度综合考虑,实际生产热压含碳球团时其配碳比宜定在1.00左右.     

含碳铬矿球团在竖炉内的还原

在0.10m~3的试验竖炉内使用含碳球团冶炼出18%Cr的铁合金。利用前人所做的基础理论研究结果,讨论了铬、硅、硫等元素在竖炉内的还原及渣—液两相的分配规律。     

含碳球团直接还原过程的数值模拟

基于质量守恒方程、能量守恒方程及化学反应速度式，建立了描述含碳球团直接还原过程的数学模型，用此模型所做的数值计算结果与试验结果基本吻合。数值模拟结果表明：影响含碳球团还原速率的最重要因素是炉温，含碳球团应在尽可能高的炉温下焙烧；虽然大球的还原速度开始阶段较慢，但焙烧时间足够长时，不论球大小，都可达到高金属化率；只有配碳量足够时才能获得较快的还原速率和较高的还原度。     

含碳球团的还原性和还原冷却后的强度

在 １２７３～１５７３ Ｋ条件下研究了不同煤种、木炭和石墨与不同种类矿石制成含碳球团 的还原速度;进而讨论了温度、配碳比（Ｃ／Ｏ）、挥发分含量等因素对含碳球团还原所需时间和 金属化率的影响．通过测定含碳球团还原冷却后的强度,对影响强度因素进行了分析．还原冷 却后的强度在温度 １２７３ Ｋ时较低,配入含挥发分较高的气煤,可以使还原冷却后的强度提高, 加快反应速度．     

含铌铁精矿含碳球团还原过程中微观结构变化研究

借助SEM、EDS、XRD、化学分析等手段,对不同还原焙烧条件下含铌铁精矿含碳球团的金属化率、形貌、物相组成及元素分布等进行表征,在实验室模拟转底炉条件下研究了直接还原过程中铁矿物和钛、铌矿物的微观结构变化。结果表明,适当地提高还原温度或延长还原时间,有助于提高球团的金属化率,本实验条件下,在还原温度1100℃时保温20min,球团金属化率达到最大,约为86%;此外,随着还原温度的升高或还原时间的延长,金属铁不断聚集、长大,形成较大的金属颗粒,并逐渐连结形成网状结构,渣铁明显分离,含铌、钛矿物也聚集在一起分布在渣相中,为后续铌和钛的富集提供了有利条件。     

Reduction-melting behaviors of boron-bearing iron concentrate/carbon composite pellets with addition of CaO

Although the total amount of boron resources in China is high, the grades of these resources are low. The authors have already proposed a new comprehensive utilization process of boron-bearing iron concentrate based on the iron nugget process. The present work de-scribes a further optimization of the conditions used in the previous study. The effects of CaO on the reduction–melting behavior and proper-ties of the boron-rich slag are presented. CaO improved the reduction of boron-bearing iron concentrate/carbon composite pellets when its content was less than 1wt%. Melting separation of the composite pellets became difficult with the CaO content increased. The sulfur content of the iron nugget gradually decreased from 0.16wt%to 0.046wt%as the CaO content of the pellets increased from 1wt%to 5wt%. CaO negatively affected the iron yield and boron extraction efficiency of the boron-rich slag. The mineral phase evolution of the boron-rich slag during the reduction–melting separation of the composite pellets with added CaO was also deduced.     

富氢气体直接还原铁矿石及其碳沉积行为

焦炉煤气改质后可用于生产直接还原铁, 为炼钢提供优质的原料. 利用热重分析法, 研究了H₂ 与CO 物质的量比(H₂/CO)、温度对铁矿石球团矿还原速率及其碳沉积速率的影响. 实验结果表明: H₂ 的还原能力大于CO, 且随着混合气体中H₂ 含量的增加, 铁矿石球团矿的 还原速率增大; 当H₂/CO 比大于8/2 时, 增加H₂ 含量对还原速率影响减小; 在铁矿石还原 后期出现碳沉积, 且碳沉积速率随着H₂ 含量的增加而减小; 低温易于碳沉积, 但当温度高于 850 °C 时, 碳沉积得到抑制.     

颗粒粒径对流态化还原铁矿粉黏结失流的影响

采用热态可视化流化床装置,在一定表观气速条件下,研究1073 K温度时不同粒级铁矿粉的黏结失流。根据对黏结失流影响程度的不同,可将矿粉颗粒分为三个粒径区间：中性气氛升温过程中失流的小粒径颗粒;还原至较低金属化率发生失流的中间粒径颗粒;还原至高金属化率也不发生失流的大粒径颗粒。分别对他们不同的影响机理进行了分析。研究还发现在正常流化条件下,随着矿粉颗粒粒径的增大,还原失流后床层的膨胀幅度会减小。     

Utilization of waste polyethylene terephthalate as a reducing agent in the reduction of iron ore composite pellets

The increasing consumption of plastics inevitably results in increasing amounts of waste plastics. Because of their long degradation periods, these wastes negatively affect the natural environment. Numerous studies have been conducted to recycle and eliminate waste plastics. The potential for recycling waste plastics in the iron and steel industry has been underestimated; the high C and H contents of plastics may make them suitable as alternative reductants in the reduction process of iron ore. This study aims to substitute plastic wastes for coal in reduction melting process and to investigate their performance during reduction at high temperature. We used a common type of waste plastic, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), because of its high carbon and hydrogen contents. Composite pellets containing PET wastes, coke, and magnetite iron ore were reduced at selected temperatures of 1400 and 1450°C for reduction time from 2 to 10 min to investigate the reduction melting behavior of these pellets. The results showed that an increased temperature and reduction time increased the reduction ratio of the pellets. The optimum experimental conditions for obtaining metallic iron (iron nuggets) were reduction at 1450°C for 10 min using composite pellets containing 60% PET and 40% coke.     

含砷铁精矿球团预氧化-弱还原焙烧过程中砷的挥发行为

在分析含砷矿物的理化性质和含砷铁精矿矿物学特征的基础上,研究含砷铁精矿球团中砷在预氧化-弱还原焙烧过程中的挥发行为。研究结果表明:内蒙古黄岗铁精矿伴生砷含量为0.344%,且主要以砷黄铁矿形式存在;在200～350℃的干燥阶段不存在砷的挥发;在预热温度为870℃,预热时间为6min,氧含量为6%的条件下,预氧化过程中砷挥发率可达到26.54%,预氧化球团中残余砷主要以砷酸盐形式存在;在无烟煤用量为20%,还原升温时间为60min,恒温焙烧时间为40min的条件下,成品球团矿中砷残留量为0.035%,挥发率达到88.54%;工业生产中应考虑在预氧化阶段和还原焙烧阶段设置砷的回收装置。     

钒钛铁精矿内配碳球团高温快速直接还原历程

采用高温实验炉,在1 350℃,氮气保护气氛条件下对钒钛磁铁精矿内配碳球团进行了阶段还原试验,通过TG-DSC、XRD、SEM等检测方法对不同时间内配碳球团还原的组织成分、显微结构等进行研究。结果表明,钒钛铁精矿的还原历程依次为Fe2TiO4和Fe3O4、3(Fe3O4).Fe2TiO4、Fe3O4.Fe2TiO4、Fe2TiO4和FeO、Fe和FeTi2O5;在磁铁矿大量还原生成浮士体的阶段,钛铁矿与新生成的浮士体发生钛铁晶石化,最终还原转变为单质铁和含铁黑钛石。     

还原气氛对流态化还原铁矿粉黏结失流的影响

采用热态可视流化床装置研究了973～1173 K不同气氛条件对流态化还原铁矿粉黏结失流的影响.研究发现,一定表观气速条件下温度和还原气氛组成对失流时铁矿粉的金属化率影响不大,而失流时颗粒微观形态受还原气种类和温度的影响较显著,但还原气体积分数对形态的影响较小.此外,流化时间随着还原气体积分数的增大而逐渐缩矩,并通过线性拟合得到了不同温度时二者间的数学关系式.     

Development of carbon composite iron ore micropellets by using the microfines of iron ore and carbon-bearing materials in iron making

Iron ore microfines and concentrate have very limited uses in sintering processes. They are used in pelletization; however, this process is cost intensive. Furthermore, the microfines of non-coking coal and other carbon-bearing materials, e.g., blast-furnace flue dust (BFD) and coke fines, are not used extensively in the metallurgical industry because of operational difficulties and handling problems. In the present work, to utilize these microfines, coal composite iron oxide micropellets (2-6 mm in size) were produced through an innovative technique in which lime and molasses were used as binding materials in the micropellets. The micropellets were subsequently treated with CO₂ or the industrial waste gas to induce the chemical bond formation. The results show that, at a very high carbon level of 22wt% (38wt% coal), the cold crushing strength and abrasion index of the micropellets are 2.5-3 kg/cm2 and 5wt%-9wt%, respectively; these values indicate that the pellets are suitable for cold handling. The developed micropellets have strong potential as a heat source in smelting reduction in iron making and sintering to reduce coke breeze. The micropellets produced with BFD and coke fines (8wt%-12wt%) were used in iron ore sintering and were observed to reduce the coke breeze consumption by 3%-4%. The quality of the produced sinter was at par with that of the conventional blast-furnace sinter.