分散和集中注意条件下的Stroop效应意识的影响

基于Stroop效应证实了意识知觉和无意识知觉引起的行为结果存在质的 差异，色词的无意识知觉导致Stroop效应的出现，而色词的有意识知 觉导致Stroop效应的反转。一个处于分散注意状态下被无意识知觉的刺激，既可以通过集中注意的方法使之达到有意识知觉，也可以通过增强刺激特性使之达到有意识知觉。     

Orienting in voluntary and involuntary attention conditions

To investigate the orienting of visuospatial attention, the attention type (voluntary vs. involuntary) was manipulated in a within-subject design, and event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded in a peripheral cued, line-orientation discrimination task. A larger and later contralateral P1 and a smaller and later contralateral N1 were elicited by the valid trails relative to the invalid trails in the involuntary attention condition, whereas larger P1 and N1 were elicited by the valid trails in the voluntary attention condition. The present results provide evidence for the dissociation between voluntary and involuntary attention in one task.     

Orienting in voluntary and involuntary attention conditions

To investigate the orienting of visuospatial attention, the attention type (voluntary vs. involuntary) was manipulated in a within-subject design, and event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded in a peripheral cued, line-orientation discrimination task. A larger and later contralateral P1 and a smaller and later contralateral N1 were elicited by the valid trails relative to the invalid trails in the involuntary attention condition, whereas larger P1 and N1 were elicited by the valid trails in the voluntary attention condition. The present results provide evidence for the dissociation between voluntary and involuntary attention in one task.     

目标和干扰刺激不同步的情绪冲突效应研究

采用情绪启动范式，考察了目标和干扰刺激不同步的情况下是否会出现情绪冲突，以及可能造成的特殊效应。结果发现：1）“不同步”的情绪刺激也能导致情绪冲突效应；2）除了情绪冲突现象中存在经典的“冲突调整效应”外，还发现了一类特殊的序列调整效应---试次（trial）间的一致性效应；3）上述效应的出现与否与目标刺激的呈现时间密切相关。该结果表明，刺激的呈现时间是情绪冲突现象中一个重要的变量。     

Detection of salient objects with focused attention based on spatial and temporal coherence

The understanding and analysis of video content are fundamentally important for numerous applications,including video summarization,retrieval,navigation,and editing.An important part of this process is to detect salient (which usually means important and interesting) objects in video segments.Unlike existing approaches,we propose a method that combines the saliency measurement with spatial and temporal coherence.The integration of spatial and temporal coherence is inspired by the focused attention in human vision.In the proposed method,the spatial coherence of low-level visual grouping cues (e.g.appearance and motion) helps per-frame object-background separation,while the temporal coherence of the object properties (e.g.shape and appearance) ensures consistent object localization over time,and thus the method is robust to unexpected environment changes and camera vibrations.Having developed an efficient optimization strategy based on coarse-to-fine multi-scale dynamic programming,we evaluate our method using a challenging dataset that is freely available together with this paper.We show the effectiveness and complementariness of the two types of coherence,and demonstrate that they can significantly improve the performance of salient object detection in videos.     

RSVP字符流中后继干扰物在注意瞬脱中的作用

通过去掉RSVP刺激流中第2靶(T2)之后除紧跟T2的那个干扰物之外的其他干扰物,发现了对T2的报告正确率在长间隔条件下出现了不同寻常的降低.要求两名被试积极注意整条刺激流的实验发现,AB曲线回复到常规的U形曲线.这些结果提示:RSVP刺激流中后继干扰物的去除通过使观察者的注意状态出现偏差而影响长间隔时的AB效应.     

Neural suppression of distractors surrounding the spotlight: Evidence from steady-state visual evoked potentials

The present study investigated the allocation of spatial attention using steady-state visual evoked potentials(SSVEPs).The SSVEP is elicited in visual cortical areas by a repetitive flicker having the same fundamental frequency as the driving stimulus.Two flickers were applied with the letter stream presented in the center of the monitor and the distractor presented on either the left or right side of the target.Participants were instructed to detect the target letter in the letter stream.The distance of the two flickers was manipulated.The results show that the amplitudes of the SSVEPs elicited by the distractor were enhanced when it was in the closest position and suppressed when it was at a farther distance.But the amplitudes rebounded at the farthest distance.Meanwhile,the SSVEP elicited by the target flicker remained stable independent of the distance of the distractor.Thus,the present study indicates that focused attention involves neural suppression surrounding the classic "spotlight",and the SSVEP paradigms open new avenues for studying the attentional suppression mechanism.     

Eye movements study on overt attention orienting in children with learning disabilities

To extend the ecological validity of previous studies which focused on covert attention orienting by permitting participants to make eye movements to investigate the overt attention in learning disability (LD) groups and control groups, a cue-validity effect was hypothesized, with a general pattern of slower responses in the LD groups compared to the control groups. The classic cue-target paradigm was employed to examine the overt visual attention orienting in LD and control groups. Endogenous cue-validity was found both in the LD groups and control groups of grade 3 and grade 6, with different magnitude, and it was the weakest in the LD group of grade 6; under shortest SOA, no exogenous cue-validity was found in grade 3, regardless of groups; when SOA was increased, the exogenous cue-validity was stable in all groups, with the weakest effect in LD group of grade 6. LD children who have attention deficit may partly come from ineffective use of the cued information, a generally slow cognitive processing speed, and a lack of proper cognitive strategies.     

Eye movements study on overt attention orienting in children with learning disabilities

To extend the ecological validity of previous studies which focused on covert attention orienting by permitting participants to make eye movements to investigate the overt attention in learning disability (LD) groups and control groups, a cue-validity effect was hypothesized, with a general pattern of slower responses in the LD groups compared to the control groups. The classic cue-target paradigm was employed to examine the overt visual attention orienting in LD and control groups. Endogenous cue-validity was found both in the LD groups and control groups of grade 3 and grade 6, with different magnitude, and it was the weakest in the LD group of grade 6; under shortest SOA, no exogenous cue-validity was found in grade 3, regardless of groups; when SOA was increased, the exogenous cue-validity was stable in all groups, with the weakest effect in LD group of grade 6. LD children who have attention deficit may partly come from ineffective use of the cued information, a generally slow cognitive processing speed, and a lack of proper cognitive strategies.     

一种听觉显著图提取模型

本文基于人耳听觉特性提出了一种改进的自下而上听觉显著图提取模型.该模型根据人耳听觉系统对声音分频道处理以及声音信号时间方向的差异更能有效表征听觉显著性这两个特点进行显著图提取.首先对输入声音信号进行短时傅立叶变换(SFFT)得到声音信号的听觉图谱,然后重新划分频带并在各频带上采用一维高斯滤波器组进行不同尺度的时域滤波,再利用中心-周边差算子计算各频带的听觉显著度并进行跨尺度整和,最后将各频带的听觉显著度线性合并之后得到最终的听觉显著图.仿真实验的结果表明该模型提取的听觉显著图更准确.     

视觉注意特征的变分水平集图像分割模型

针对传统主动轮廓模型较低的鲁棒性能和对先验知识融合能力的不足,基于视觉注意机制的先验知识和曲线演化的理论框架,首先建立图像底层视觉显著性特征的数学模型,在此基础上提出新的曲线演化能量泛函模型,然后对该能量泛函采用变分水平集方法进行推导,得到曲线演化的偏微分方程,数值实验表明该模型相对于经典主动轮廓模型具有更强的抗噪性与分割效率.该模型的提出为进一步在主动轮廓模型中引入更高层次视觉显著性特征、得到更优越的分割模型打下了基础.     

Interactions between working memory and selective attention

Event-related potential (ERP) was used to examine the interactions between working memory and se- lective attention. We combined two unrelated tasks, one requiring working memory and the other se- lective attention, which were performed by some undergraduates. The ERP results revealed that both congruent and incongruent stimuli in the selective attention task evoked an N400 component, reaching the peak point at around 500 ms. The N400 evoked by incongruent stimuli was more negative than that of congruent, which indicated the difference of semantic N400. Furthermore, working memory load had a significant influence on the N400 evoked by selective attention task in parietal region. And working memory load showed difference in the ERPs of working memory retrieval in central and parietal regions. The ERPs of probe under high working memory load were more positive from 350 to 550 ms post-stimulus; however, stimulus type of selective attention had no influence on working memory re- trieval. The present study shows that working memory does not play a major role in the selective at- tention, especially in ignoring distracter, but it influences the performance of the selective attention as the background. The congruency of target and distracter in the selective attention task does not influ- ence the working memory retrieval.     

自动化加工中的注意调控作用：无意识认知新构念

虽然自动化加工是在无意图的状态下产生的，但是这种无意识加工受到注意自上而下的控制。阈下启动效应需要注意参与，其加工易受刺激期盼、动作意图和任务集等因素的影响；当无意识信息与目标任务匹配时注意能够增强其加工过程，作用方式与有意注意基本一致。注意敏感机制通过将引导任务和启动效应相结合的方式可对当前矛盾的实证研究做出合理解释。未来研究可在无意识视觉加工的注意控制属性领域多做尝试。     

基于注意力机制的分层次交互融合多模态情感分析

针对基于视频的多模态情感分析中,通常在同一语义层次采用同一种注意力机制进行特征捕捉,而未能考虑模态间交互融合对情感分类的差异性,从而导致模态间融合特征提取不充分的问题,提出一种基于注意力机制的分层次交互融合多模态情感分析模型(hierarchical interactive fusion network based on attention mechanism, HFN-AM),采用双向门控循环单元捕获各模态内部的时间序列信息,使用基于门控的注意力机制和改进的自注意机制交互融合策略分别提取属于句子级和篇章级层次的不同特征,并进一步通过自适应权重分配模块判定各模态的情感贡献度,通过全连接层和Softmax层获得最终分类结果。在公开的CMU-MOSI和CMU-MOSEI数据集上的实验结果表明,所给出的分析模型在2个数据集上有效改善了情感分类的准确率和F1值。     

Early ERP effects on the scaling of spatial attention in visual search

This article describes the examination of the spatial‘scaling＇ effect of visual attention with the technique of event-related potential （ERP）. Eighteen participants were involved in a visual search task in which the cue-target paradigm was used. The search array was three concentric circles consisting of randomly selected English letters that were equally distributed in each circle. The behavioral and ERP data were recorded, respectively. The behavioral results showed that the response time increased and the response accuracy decreased with the increase of precue size. The ERPs amplitude of PI and NI components evoked by search array increased with the reduction of precue size. However, the latencies of these ERP components did not show significant differences between conditions. The hierarchical data of both behavioral assessment and ERPs provided evidence for the spatial ＇scaling＇ effect of visual attention. The amplitudes of PI and N 1 components may be used as indices to examine the effect of spatial ＇scaling＇. In different tasks, the display-set size of stimuli and the task complexity may be important factors that affect the attention allocation.     

基于注意机制的改进人工势场的机器人路径规划

人工势场法是机器人路径规划中应用较多的一种方法,但方法在障碍物较多时由于势场合力不容易控制而常常出现机器人陷入势场陷阱中。足球机器人比赛系统场上敌我状态复杂,加上动态变化的场上环境,对实时性要求很高。本文对注意机制在机器人足球比赛中的应用进行研究,根据比赛平台模型的特点并从能量角度将场上的引力和斥力转化成特定的关于能量的数学表达式,将其和注意机制相结合,提出新的改进人工市场的方法。基于注意机制的改进人工势场算法,将原有的合力势场变成重力势场,使机器人自主规划前进路线。最后本文使用仿真方法证明该方法的可行性。     

基于脆弱性理论矿工安全注意力影响因子研究

为有效提高矿工安全注意力水平,减少煤矿安全事故的发生,基于脆弱性理论,对矿工安全注意力系统影响因子进行系统分析。首先,根据文献研究及实地调研,提取矿工安全注意力系统的影响因子;其次,从人、机、环影响因子以及脆弱性两个维度构建矿工安全注意力系统脆弱性影响因子的二维矩阵;再次,明晰矿工安全注意力系统脆弱性特征要素与脆弱性的关系,并构建矿工安全注意力的系统脆弱性特征要素递次演化模型;最后,从员工脆弱性、设备脆弱性和环境脆弱性三个层面提出矿工安全注意力系统脆弱性的控制措施。     

视觉注意的图像目标预检测

提出了融合自底向上和自顶向下模式的视觉注意机制的改进算法.该算法使用以完整轮廓信息作为物体识别标志的方式,几乎不需要先验知识,改进了自顶向下算法的需要大量先验知识的弱点;同时由于将物体轮廓作为的一个识别和预检测的重要参考信息,改进原视觉机制中的仅使用三个显著图,没有整体意识,从而致使识别范围过大的弱点.实验证明该方法提升了搜索预检测目标的准确度.     

多尺度残差注意网络的真实图像复原方法

为了提高基于深度学习网络方法在真实图像上的复原效果,提出了一种基于多尺度残差注意网络的复原方法。将退化图像输入到该模型中,利用浅层特征网络提取原始低质量图像的浅层特征;利用残差注意网络模块提取深层特征信息和通道相关性,使用局部连接和短跳跃连接进行残差学习;将浅层特征、通道相关性以及上下文深层特征信息输入到重构网络,利用具有不同感受野的特征进行图像复原。实验结果表明,相较于其他对比方法,该方法在图像去噪、图像增强和超分辨率等多个任务中获得最优的结果,能够在不引入伪影的情况下生成纹理细节丰富的清晰图像。     

融合注意力机制的群组推荐研究

现有群组推荐方法在偏好融合时大多采用预定义策略,这种静态方法忽略了群组间用户的交互,难以对复杂的决策过程进行建模,从而影响推荐效果。针对该问题,提出了一种基于注意力机制的群组推荐方法,使用注意力机制获取群组中每个用户对其他用户的注意力权重,为群组选出一个决策者,以此来模拟群组中用户的交互,再根据用户的加权偏好为群组推荐项目。通过在CAMRa2011和MovieLens1M数据集上与基线方法的对比可知,该方法在命中率和归一化折扣累计增益方面都有较大提高。