血培养中的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的：了解血培养病原菌分布及耐药情况,为临床感染性疾病的治疗提供参考依据。方法：采用Bact/Alert3D血培养仪、VITEK-2 Compact鉴定系统及K-B法进行血培养、细菌鉴定和药敏试验,统计、分析病原菌分布及药敏结果。结果：4758份血培养标本分离出病原菌391株（8.22%）,检出革兰阴性杆菌197株,其中大肠埃希菌（131株）、肺炎克雷伯菌（21株）、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌（10株）检出率较高;革兰阳性球菌检出182株,以表皮葡萄球菌（53株）、人葡萄球菌（39株）、金黄色葡萄球菌（22株）为主。大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢曲松、复方磺胺甲恶唑耐药率高达94.92%、81.36%、63.49%;表皮葡萄球菌对青霉素G、红霉素耐药率高达95.65%、75.51%。结论：血培养病原菌菌种多样化,以大肠埃希菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主,且对常用抗生素耐药率较高,临床应加强耐药性监测,合理选用抗生素。     

新生儿血培养病原菌分布及耐药性分析

为了解本院新生儿病房血培养病原菌的分布及主要病原菌对抗菌药物的耐药性,本研究分析了2015年1月至2015年12月新生儿病房送检的血培养标本所分离病原菌的种类及抗菌药物耐药情况.结果共分离到病原菌236株,其中革兰阳性菌192株(81.36%),以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主;革兰阴性杆菌40株(16.95%),以大肠埃希菌为主.药敏结果显示,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌耐药率较高,其中耐甲氧西林检出率占82.69%,未检出耐奎奴普丁/达福普汀、替加环素、利奈唑烷和万古霉素的葡萄球菌;主要革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林、复方新诺明、庆大霉素耐药率较高,未检出耐阿米卡星、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、头孢替坦、妥布霉素、亚胺培南菌株.结论:本院新生儿血培养病原菌以革兰阳性菌为主,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌是主要病原菌,并且耐药率较高.     

云南昆钢医院2013年三、四季度细菌耐药性监测分析

目的:分析云南昆钢医院2013年三、四季度的细菌耐药情况,为临床治疗提供可靠依据。方法:用VITET-2 Compact全自动微生物分析仪鉴定细菌,采用肉汤微量稀释法做体外药敏试验,依照美国临床实验室标准化协会2013年制定的判断药敏试验标准。结果:第三、四季度检验科收到标本3 920份,检出致病菌953株,阳性率24.3%。其中排在前5位的病原菌株种类分别是:大肠埃希氏菌263株、肺炎克雷伯112株、金黄色葡萄球菌56株、铜绿假单胞菌48株、鲍曼不动杆菌41株。药敏大肠埃希氏菌对复方新诺明、氨苄西林的耐药率分别为93.6%、100.0%,肺炎克雷伯菌对复方新诺明、哌拉西林耐药率分别为100.0%、96.4%,鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢唑林、复方新诺明耐药率均大于75.0%,金黄色葡萄球菌青霉素P的耐药率为90.3%,未发现万古霉素耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌,铜绿假单胞菌氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、头孢曲松耐药率均为100.0%。结论:结合昆钢医院细菌耐药趋势参照抗生素目录及使用指南合理选用抗生素,减少或减缓耐药菌株的产生。     

肺结核并下呼吸道感染489株病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的:调查我院肺结核并下呼吸道感染病人痰液标本中临床分离病原菌的分布及耐药状况,以指导合理用药。方法:对我院近两年来肺结核并下呼吸道感染病人1 321份痰液标本分离的病原菌进行回顾性分析。结果:共检出489株致病菌,其中革兰阳性菌184株,占37.6%,主要有表皮葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、链球菌属、金黄色葡萄球菌;革兰阴性菌169株,占34.6%,主要有大肠埃希氏菌、醋酸钙不动杆菌、假单胞菌属、克雷伯菌属;真菌136株,占27.8%,多为为白色念珠菌。药敏结果(除真菌)显示:大多数革兰氏阳性菌及阴性菌对多种抗生素耐药,耐药率较高的抗生素依次为苯唑西林、克林霉素、磺胺甲恶唑、红霉素、万古霉素、青霉素钠、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星;仍具有较高敏感率的依次为亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、阿米卡星、妥布霉素、头孢噻肟钠、头孢曲松钠、头孢哌酮钠。结论:肺结核病并下呼吸道感染的细菌多为条件致病菌,且具有多重耐药性,临床上应加强监测,根据药敏结果合理使用抗生素。     

158例细菌性脑膜炎病原菌分布及耐药性分析

分析细菌性脑膜炎患者感染病原菌分布及耐药性特点,指导临床用药。回顾性分析158名细菌性脑膜炎患者资料,对脑脊液行细菌培养及药敏试验。共培养出致病菌17种158株,其中格兰阳性菌10种73株(46.21%),革兰阴性菌7种85株(53.79%)。格兰阳性菌检出率最高的3种细菌是金黄色葡萄球菌(10.76%)、肺炎链球菌(6.96%)、表皮葡萄球菌(5.70%),该组耐药率最低的是万古霉素;格兰阴性菌检出率最高的3种细菌是大肠埃希菌(9.49%)、铜绿假单胞菌(8.86%)、阴沟肠杆菌(8.86%),该组耐药率最低的是美罗培南。金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌和大肠埃希菌是引起细菌性脑膜炎的主要的病原菌,了解细菌性脑膜炎病原菌分布及耐药性特点对指导临床用药具有重要意义。     

武威市凉州区胆囊结石患者分离主要病原菌及耐药性分析

通过回顾性分析武威市凉州医院胆囊结石患者胆汁中分离的主要病原菌及药敏结果,为临床用药提供合理依据。收集2014年1月至2018年12月在武威市凉州医院住院的胆囊结石患者胆汁细菌培养阳性结果 309例,选择WHONET5.6软件统计数据并分析。309株病原菌全部为需氧菌或兼性厌氧菌,其中革兰阴性菌222株,占71.84%,革兰阳性菌87株,占28.16%。大肠埃希菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、头孢西丁、阿米卡星较敏感,耐药率均30%;肺炎克雷伯杆菌除头孢唑林耐药率为33.33%之外,其他可选择药物敏感性均30%;未检出美罗培南耐药革兰阴性杆菌。屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌对红霉素耐药分别为84.78%和76.19%,青霉素耐药率分别为39.13%和23.81%,未检出耐万古霉素革兰阳性球菌。胆囊结石患者中主要感染的病原菌为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、屎肠球菌、粪肠球菌,临床医生需根据本地区细菌耐药形势合理选择抗菌药物,对胆囊结石患者进行有效的早期经验治疗和围手术期预防用药。     

从腹泻实验兔分离的一株大肠埃希菌的生物学特性研究

目的 研究从腹泻实验兔分离到的大肠埃希菌的生物学特性。方法 对一株从因腹泻而死亡的SPF级实验兔体内分离的致病性大肠埃希菌的遗传谱系、抗生素敏感性、消毒液敏感性以及细菌携带的耐药基因和毒力基因进行较为全面的研究。结果 该大肠埃希菌属于B1型遗传谱系，携带毒力基因eaeA,属于肠致病性大肠埃希菌。对常用的5种消毒液敏感，对于青霉素、氨苄西林、头孢氨苄、头孢拉定、四环素、多西环素、米诺霉素、红霉素、麦迪霉素、万古霉素、复方新诺明等11种抗生素耐药，携带aadA1,gyrA,sul1和tetA等4个抗生素耐药基因。结论 从因腹泻而死亡的SPF级实验兔体内分离的致病性大肠埃希菌为一株B1型遗传谱系的肠致病性大肠埃希菌，具有多重耐药性，对常用的消毒剂均敏感。     

某医院感染性病原菌分布及耐药性分析

对2012~2014年间某综合医院心脏中心感染性病原菌的构成及细菌耐药性变迁进行回顾性分析,为抗菌药物的合理使用提供依据.以痰液和尿液为主要标本来源,分离出177株病原菌,其中140株革兰氏阴性菌(79.1%),37株革兰氏阳性菌(20.9%).主要革兰氏阴性菌为大肠埃希菌(16.9%)、铜绿假单胞菌(15.3%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(14.1%)和鲍曼不动杆菌(12.4%).主要革兰氏阳性菌为金黄色葡萄球菌(12.4%).MRSA检出率为72.7%.大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对阿米卡星、亚胺培南和美洛培南的敏感性高;铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星和美洛培南的敏感性高;不动杆菌属对包括亚胺培南、美罗培南在内的14种抗生素的耐药率均超过30%,金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、喹诺酮类、大环内酯类等大多数抗生素耐药,对万古霉素和替考拉宁敏感.2012~2014年我院心脏中心住院患者感染病原菌中革兰氏阴性菌占优势,病原菌主要来自呼吸道细菌耐药性仍然形势严峻,应加强对细菌耐药性监测.     

楚雄州中医院2011年细菌耐药性监测结果分析

目的:了解2011年临床分离菌株对常用抗生素的耐药性。方法:采用API鉴定和ATB药敏板条及纸片扩散法对2011年临床分离1 127株细菌进行药敏试验。结果:1 127株细菌中革兰阴性菌占76.8%,革兰阳性菌占23.2%。革兰阴性菌中前3位为大肠埃希菌45.7%(395/865)、肺炎克雷伯菌10.6%(92/865)和铜绿假单胞菌9.0%(78/865);革兰阳性菌中前3位为屎肠球菌27.1%(71/262)、金黄色葡萄球菌24.8%(65/262)和表皮葡萄球菌16.0%(42/262)。药敏试验结果显示泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌和不动杆菌检出率分别为19.2%(15/78)和32.8%(23/70);MRSA和MRCNS分别占金黄色葡萄球菌和CNS的32.3%(21/65)和83.3%(40/48)。结论:定期进行耐药性监测有助于了解细菌耐药性的变迁,为临床用药提供依据。     

武威市凉州区住院患者血流感染主要分离病原菌及耐药性分析

了解武威市凉州区近五年血培养标本分离的主要病原菌及其耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考。应用WHONET5.6软件统计分析2014年-2018年武威市凉州医院、凉州三院住院患者中463份血培养阳性检测结果。分离革兰阴性菌268株(57.88%),革兰阳性菌195株(42.12%),居前3位的细菌分别是大肠埃希菌(186株,40.17%),表皮葡萄球菌(99株,21.38%),肺炎克雷伯菌(37株,7.99%),产超广谱β内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌26.88%、肺炎克雷伯菌8.11%,未发现对美罗培南耐药的肠杆菌科细菌。耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌33.09%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌35.71%,未检出耐万古霉素阳性球菌,非发酵菌(16株,3.46%),检出耐碳青霉烯类药物鲍曼不动杆菌一株。武威市凉州区血流感染以肠杆菌科细菌为主,其次为阳性球菌,非发酵菌分离较少,临床医生应慎重对待血流感染病原菌及其药敏结果,重视耐药趋势变化,合理使用抗菌药物。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with