强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化合成甘油三乙酸酯的研究

以乙酸、甘油为原料,直接酯化合成甘油三乙酸酯,研究了反应温度、反应时间、原料配比、带水剂、催化剂用量等条件对合成反应的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件。该方法合成甘油三乙酸酯的最佳工艺条件是：反应温度92～98℃;反应时间5h;n(乙酸)：n(甘油)为4．5：1．0;催化剂用量为总物料质量的0．9％;带水剂苯用量为15mL(甘油为0．15mol的情况下)。甘油三乙酸酯的收率达到92．30％。催化剂不经处理可循环使用多次。该催化剂具有价廉易得、催化活性好、不腐蚀设备、无环境污染等优点。     

基于均匀设计的生物柴油最优制备工艺参数研究

以均匀设计法安排试验,对大豆油在酯交换反应下制备生物柴油的工艺进行了研究.为获得最优制备工艺参数,考查了n(醇)∶n(油)(3∶1～8∶1)、催化剂质量分数(0.4%～1.4%)、反应温度为(45～70℃)、反应时间(40～140min)及其交互作用对生物柴油产率和原料转化率的影响.结果表明:n(醇)∶n(油)、催化剂用量可显著地影响生物柴油的产率和原料转化率.同时甲醇与反应温度、催化剂与反应时间之间存在对抗效应,而甲醇与反应时间、催化剂与反应温度、反应温度与反应时间之间则存在协同作用.利用回归分析和BP神经网络,确定最优工艺参数为:n(醇)∶n(油)=6∶1;催化剂质量分数1.0%;反应温度45℃;反应时间30min.经液相色谱仪测定,生物柴油产率高达97.6%.     

N-苯基-2,2,6,6-四氯环己亚胺的催化合成

以2,2,6,6－四氯环己酮为原料,在催化剂存在下,合成了N－苯基－2,2,6,6－四氯环己亚胺,通过对催化剂、溶剂用量、反应时间、反应温度等因素的考察,得到了适宜的工艺条件;在n（酮）：n (苯胺）：n（催化剂）＝1：5：1．5（摩尔比）,反应温度为10－20℃,反应时间为3．5h手枪扌,收率为80％。     

无水三氯化铁催化合成对叔丁基苯甲酸甲酯

以对叔丁基苯甲酸和甲醇为原料 ,无水三氯化铁作催化剂 ,采用蒸馏分水工艺 ,回流温度下合成对叔丁基苯甲酸甲酯。讨论了催化剂用量、反应时间、醇酸摩尔比等因素对反应转化率的影响。最佳反应条件为 :n(甲醇 )∶n(对叔丁基苯甲酸 ) =5∶1,催化剂用量 8.4 % (相对于对叔丁基苯甲酸 ) ,反应时间为 3小时 ,反应温度为回流温度 ,产品转化率为 92 .5 %。经沸点测定、折光率测定予以确证     

甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯制备工艺研究

探讨了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂及其用量和溶剂(环氧氯丙烷)用量等主要制备工艺条件对单体转化率的影响.以甲基丙烯酸和环氧氯丙烷为原料,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为相转移催化剂,制备了无甲醛交联性单体甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯.研究结果表明,在最佳制备工艺条件下(催化剂对甲基丙烯酸钠质量百分数5.5%、反应温度95～100℃、反应时间150～160min、环氧氯丙烷与甲基丙烯酸钠的摩尔比为5.5:1.0),甲基丙烯酸钠盐的转化率接近95%,产物的纯度大于96%.     

磷钨杂多酸催化剂催化合成双酚AP的研究

应用磷钨杂多酸催化剂对催化合成双酚AP进行了研究 .结果表明 :主催化剂的用量、助催化剂的用量、酚酮摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间等是影响产品收率主要因素 ;使用磷钨杂多酸催化剂 ,双酚AP的单程收率可达 5 4.5 % .制备双酚AP的最佳工艺条件为 :酚酮摩尔比 5∶1,反应温度 12 0℃ ,主催化剂用量 6 % ,助催化剂用量 0 .15mL ,反应时间 4h .     

柠檬酸三丁酯的催化合成及优化

以柠檬酸、正丁醇为原料,一水合硫酸氢钠和助催化剂以一定配比作为催化剂催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯。重点讨论催化剂的配比、用量、酸醇摩尔比和反应温度及反应时间等因素对酯化反应的影响。其优化工艺条件为:催化剂用量为总加料量的4.0%～4.5%,其中一水合硫酸氢钠和助催化剂的物质的量比为1.0∶0.1,醇酸摩尔比为0.46∶0.1,反应终点温度T=(145～150)℃,反应时间t=1.5 h,酯化率达97%以上,该催化剂廉价易得,活性高,操作方便,催化剂固体成分可重复使用5次,再生容易,酯化率高,腐蚀性小,环境污染小。     

工艺参数对碳纳米管定向薄膜生长的影响

为了生长出高质量的定向碳纳米管薄膜 ,研究了反应时间、反应温度等工艺参数对薄膜生长的影响。试验采用二甲苯为碳源 ,二茂铁为催化剂 ,在石英基底上催化裂解生长碳纳米管定向薄膜。通过扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)和透射电子显微镜 (TEM)观察表明 ,得到的薄膜是由定向性良好的多壁碳纳米管 (MWNTs)组成 ,管径为 2 0～ 5 0 nm。反应时间对定向生长的碳纳米管长度有决定性影响 ;随反应时间的增长 ,定向性更好。同时 ,较适合碳纳米管薄膜定向生长的反应温度区间为 10 5 3～ 1113K。而反应温度和反应时间对薄膜中碳纳米管的直径无明显影响。     

L-丙交酯的制备工艺研究

分别采用氧化锌和辛酸亚锡为催化剂,由L-乳酸合成L-丙交酯(LLA),考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂等对LLA产率、旋光性等的影响,同时优化了制备过程中的脱水温度、真空度、时间等工艺条件.研究表明,催化剂采用氧化锌比辛酸亚锡具有更高的性价比,以氧化锌为催化剂时本实验的优化工艺条件为:L-乳酸常压脱水温度为120～130℃,脱水时间1.5～2.5h;在140～220℃,20～30mmHg下,解聚0.5～2.0h,可得到高光学活性的L-丙交酯.     

丁二酸铵水溶液直接酯化合成丁二酸酯

以NH4HSO4为催化剂,正丁醇为酯化剂,丁二酸铵水溶液为原料制备丁二酸单丁酯和丁二酸二丁酯。考察反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量和醇铵摩尔比等因素对酯化反应的影响,得到较佳的酯化反应工艺条件:丁二酸铵溶液质量分数50%,醇铵摩尔比5,反应时间8 h,反应温度130℃,催化剂用量为5%(按丁二酸铵质量计),丁二酸丁酯的总收率可达83.2%。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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