祝光苹果小孢子发生和雄配子体的发育

从花芽膨大至开花历时26天。开花前19—16天,幼叶与花序伸出期,小孢子母细胞进行减数分裂。小孢子发生为同时型。四分孢子多为四面体型。小孢子发育(中央期——靠边期)持续5天。开花前10——9天,花蕾分离,顶花花冠微露时,是小孢子第一次分裂的时期。2——细胞雄配子体充实期持续7—8天。开花前2—3天,2—细胞花粉粒发育成熟。生殖细胞的分裂在花粉管中完成。但也观察到生殖细胞在花粉粒中分裂、发育成3—细胞花粉粒的现象。     

Isolation and characterization of 4 gametophytic male sterile mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana

In flowering plants, male fertility depends on the formation and development of normal male gametophytes or pollen grains. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate the processes. Here, we report the identification of four novel independent Arabidopsis gametophytic male sterile mutants, apam1, apam2, apam3 and apam4 (Arabidopsis pollen abortion mutant). The four mutants that were generated by the insertions of geneand enhancer-trap Ds transposon elements were defective in pollen development. Genetic analysis results showed that all four mutations resulted in the loss of male gametophytic function, but did not affect female gametophytic function, and the Ds elements were linked to the mutations tightly in all four mutants. Localization of the Ds insertion sites by thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (TAIL-PCR) showed that the Ds elements were inserted in four different loci distributed on three chromosomes, chromosomes II, III and V. In summary, the apam4 is allelic to AHA3, while the other three were located in places where there are no genes that have been known to be involved in pollen development, suggesting that they are novel mutations involved in pollen development.     

玉米ELM1基因的序列变异及与株型和穗部相关性状的关联分析

 玉米elm1 突变体使得光敏色素载色体合成受阻并导致光敏色素活性下降,从而使得突变体植株表现出对光的不敏感性.为研究玉米ELM1 基因序列的多态性及其与主要农艺性状之间的关联,本研究对玉米ELM1 基因在80 个自交系中进行了目标序列重测序,并与株高和穗位高2 个株型性状以及穗长、穗粗、轴粗、穗重、行粒数、穗行数和穗粒数7 个穗部性状进行关联分析.ELM1 基因在供试玉米自交系中共有85 个变异,包括73 个SNP 和12 个Indel.尽管该基因的编码区不含Indel,但15 个SNP 变异位点依然可以将编码区划分成7 种单倍型,并编码6 种ELM1 蛋白质.关联分析发现,玉米ELM1 基因中1 个非同义突变位点与穗位高存在显著关联,另有2 个非同义突变位点与行粒数存在显著关联.     

甘薯花粉—柱头乳突细胞间相互作用的细胞学研究

以甘薯鸟吃种和高自一号为亲本进行人工自花授粉;以甘薯鸟吃种和高自一号为母本,河北351为父本进行杂交授粉.观察了花粉在柱头上的行为,柱头乳突细胞表面糖蛋白的定位分布,授粉前后乳突细胞超微结构的变化.结果表明,不育组合首先表现出花粉在柱头上粘附和水合能力很弱,花粉不萌发.能育组合授粉后花粉在柱头上的粘附水合能力很强,多数花粉萌发.但有的花粉管不进入柱头,仅在乳突细胞表面爬行,或提前破裂,释放内容物;以及在花粉管接触的柱头乳突细胞中沉积胼胝质.糖蛋白(钉红着色物质)在能育与不育组合的柱头乳突细胞壁上的分布有明显的差异,作者用细胞化学定位法验证了糖蛋白与自交不育可能存在的相关性.鸟吃种柱头乳突细胞杂交授粉后12h其超微结构明显退化;而自花授粉后3h就已明显退化.柱头乳突细胞退化的早晚可能与所授花粉是否能育相关.     

拟南芥温敏雄性不育突变体atms1的获得及表型分析

从甲基磺酸乙酯（ethylmethane sulfonate,EMS）化学诱变建立的野生型拟南芥（Col-0）突变体文库中筛选到1株突变体.在低温16 ℃时,该突变体的雄性育性与野生型没有显著差异,花粉染色呈现100%可育.随着培养环境温度的升高,突变体花粉育性逐渐下降,因此,该突变体为一温敏雄性不育突变体,并被命名为atms1（ambient temperature-sensory male sterility 1,即环境温度敏感雄性不育1）.花药切片结果显示,在23 ℃以下,该突变体花药各个发育时期的形态与野生型花药没有显著的差异;而27 ℃处理1周后的突变体花药呈现多种表型：同一朵花中各个花药的发育时期出现显著分化,花粉母细胞胼胝体单薄,绒毡层发育滞后于同时期的野生型花药.遗传分析确定,atms1的不育表型是由单个隐性核基因控制的.     

拟南芥雄性不育突变体 pmi1 的遗传与定位

通过甲基磺酸乙酯（简称EMS）诱变拟南芥Col－0种子获得一株隐形雄性不育突变体pollen mitosis1,pmil．遗传分析结果显示突变体为配子体遗传．细胞学观察发现突变体花粉粒发育出现异常：细胞塌陷,细胞核在单核靠边期后和花粉第一次有丝分裂（简称PMI）前的时间段发生降解．通过图位克隆方法将该基因定位在分子标记T19L18和T1D16之间,物理距离55Kb．测序分析证明这55Kb区间中的ERECTA基因的编码区在3067bp的位置发生单碱基替换,C／G变为A／T．由此说明ERECTA基因在拟南芥从单核小孢子到二细胞花粉的发育过程中起着重要作用．     

Conservation and change in the DNA sequences coding for alcohol dehydrogenase in sibling species of Drosophila

The DNA sequences of the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) genes of four very closely related species of Drosophila show that the rates of nucleotide change vary greatly in different functional domains of this gene. A phylogeny of these species based on the Adh sequence data is consistent with that based on polytene chromosome banding patterns.     

利用乙醇脱氢酶基因证据揭示稻属CCDD异源四倍体中染色体组的起源

对稻属异源四倍体中染色体组C和D以及稻属现存的所有二倍体染色体组A、B、C、E、F的乙醇脱氢酶基因（Adh1）片段分别进行PCR扩增、克隆和序列测定，并以G染色体组序列作为外类群，采用PAUP运算软件中的简约性方法对所测定的序列进行了系统发育分析．结果表明：（1）3个CCDD四倍体是同一次杂交事件的产物；（2）四倍体中的C染色体组和亚洲二倍体中的C染色体组表现出更近的系统发育关系；（3）D染色体组和E染色体组表现出较近的亲缘关系，二者可能有共同的祖先．     

Y-152和K-156在果蝇ADH催化中的作用

果蝇醇脱氢酶酪氨酸－１５２（Ｙ－１５２）和赖氨酸－１５６（Ｋ－１５６）处于同类脱氢酶的保守位点。经人工定点突变和酶动力学分析,前者的苯丙氨酸（Ｙ１５２Ｆ）、组氨酸（Ｙ１５２Ｈ）和谷氨酸突变体（Ｙ１５２Ｅ）及后者的异亮氨酸突变体（Ｋ１５６Ｉ）均丧失催化活性。而半胱氨酸－１５２（Ｙ１５２Ｃ）及精氨酸－１５６（Ｋ１５６Ｒ）突变体活性分别是对应野生型的０．２５％和２．２％。此外,Ｙ１５２Ｃ和Ｋ１５６Ｒ的Ｋ     

遗传定位一个花粉发育相关的拟南芥新基因SPG1

通过EMS诱变获得一个拟南芥突变体shrunken pollen grain1,spg1.根据横切片的观察结果,与野生型相比较,突变体观察到异常的花粉粒.遗传学的实验表明:spg1突变现象由一个隐性的单基因控制.通过图位克隆的方法,spg1突变位点定位在3号染色体的分子标记3-AL138638-6632和3-AL353865-6814之间大约427kb的区间内.生物信息学的分析表明,在这个区间内没有任何已知的与育性相关的基因.以上结果说明SPG1是一个控制拟南芥雄性不育的新基因.     

杉木无性系种子园花粉数量的研究

本研究为福建省洋口林场1966年的杉木嫁接种子园,包括42个无性系,200株母树,面积0.7公顷,母树平均树高8—9米。 依据母树“雄球花”的数量和生长状况,把种子园的母树区分为三类,即“簇生”、“混生”、“单生”,从各类母树中随机抽取3～4株作为样株,统计每株母树的“雄球花”数量和每个“雄球花”的花粉数量。 研究结果表明,每一个小孢子囊花粉粒的数量是3700粒,每一小孢子叶球含有264个小孢子囊,而一个“雄球花”又含有26个小孢子叶球,再估算出一个“雄球花”产生大约2540×10~4粒花粉。根据杉木种子园中一株母树的“雄球花”数量和一个“雄球花”的花粉粒的数量来估算每株树产生花粉粒的数量。在三种类型的母树中,每株树的花粉平均数量为532×10~8粒,估算这个无性系种子园所生产的花粉数量约91540×10~8粒。     

怀地黄不同品种花粉形态的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜观察了14个品种怀地黄[Rehmannia glutinosa f.hueichingens-is(Chan et Sehih)Hsiao]的花粉形态.结果表明:花粉均为单粒花粉,呈长圆形至长矩圆形,大小为40.2~46.9μm,具3个萌发孔,网状纹饰,网眼明显;根据花粉形状可将其分为3类:(1)长方形或近长方形(2)椭圆形或近椭圆形(3)梭形.研究表明,花粉特征,特别是花粉的形态特征,在怀地黄不同品种间具有的可见变异,它们在分类学上的价值应予以关注.     

溪黄草水提取物解酒保肝作用的实验研究

目的研究溪黄草水提取物的解酒保肝作用。方法采用小鼠灌胃给予酒的方法,观察溪黄草水提取物对醉酒率和酒后自主活动的影响,考察其解酒作用;采用酒精致小鼠急性肝损伤模型,观察溪黄草水提取物对天门冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）、乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）的影响,考察其保肝作用。结果溪黄草水提取物能显著抑制小鼠酒后的自主活动减少,并能降低醉酒率;同时也能抑制酒精所致小鼠血清ALT、AST活性的升高及肝组织GST、ADH活性升高和MDA含量增加。结论溪黄草水提取物既具有较好的解酒作用,又具有显著的保肝作用。     

拟南芥雄性不育突变体opw(only pollen wall)候选突变基因的克隆

在T-DNA插入突变体Salk_059463株系的群体中,筛选到两株雄性不育突变体,对TDNA序列上的一对引物进行PCR鉴定,结果表明:其基因组中没有T-DNA插入.遗传分析表明这两株雄性不育突变体由同一单个隐性基因控制,引起不育的主要原因是从花药发育的第8期开始,小孢子细胞质内容物逐渐减少直至消失,到花药发育的第12期,药室内的小孢子只剩下一个花粉壁空壳,故该突变体命名为opw(only pollen wall).利用图位克隆的方法对OPW基因进行了定位,结果表明OPW基因位于第二条染色体上分子标记T28M21和T3G21之间的12 kb区间内,该区间内一共有21个基因注释.通过克隆区间内的基因并测序发现opw-1突变体基因组中At2g40140基因编码序列的外显子在第289和第290个碱基之间插入了一个A碱基,而opw-2突变体基因组中At2g40140基因编码序列的外显子在第412和第413个碱基之间插入了一个T碱基,造成的编码序列移码使第424至第426碱基成为终止密码子,故At2g40140是编码OPW的候选基因.     

Transposon-induced deletions in unc-22 of C. elegans associated with almost normal gene activity

The unc-22 gene of Caenorhabolitis elegans encodes a protein which is a component of the myosin-containing A-band of the worm's striated body-wall muscle. Among 51 revertants of a transposon-induced mutant, we have identified four which retain a barely detectable mutant phenotype. Molecular analysis shows that three of these have in-frame deletions of 1.0, 1.3 and 2.0 kilobases, whereas the fourth partial revertant and two other apparently complete revertants have small insertions. All these rearrangements involve coding sequence and, in the case of the deletions, result in polypeptides that are shorter than the wild-type protein. The region of the gene containing these rearrangements contains 10 copies of a motif recognized in other regions of the gene (our unpublished data). We suggest that one explanation for the minimally mutant phenotype associated with the deletions is that the size and the repeated nature of the unc-22 protein structure make it relatively tolerant of substitutions or deletions involving one or a small number of repeated motifs. These results could explain why in some human genetic diseases, such as Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, deletions can be associated with only mild forms of the disease.     

Surface pollen assemblages of human-disturbed vegetation and their relationship with vegetation and climate in Northeast China

Pollen assemblages of 53 surface pollen samples from farmlands and wastelands in Northeast China were analyzed. Tree pollen percentages were usually higher than 30%, with Pinus (26.9%), Quercus (0.9%), Betula (0.9%) and Populus (0.7%) as the major types, and herb pollen percentages were usually higher than 50%, with weedy Poaceae (8.7%), Chenopodiaceae (7.1%), Artemisia (1.9%) and Compositae (3.5%) as the major taxa. Thus, the pollen assemblages were consistent with the regional vegetation compositions. However, there were differences in pollen assemblages among regions, especially among different geomorphological units. For example, in the mountains, there were more types of tree pollen and higher total percentages (average 42%) than in other areas, while cereal pollen percentages were lowest (11.2%). In the hills and high plains, herbs made up more than 60% of the pollens, with cereals (average 53.6%) the dominant type. In the low plains, pollen types were similar to those in the hills and high plains, but total pollen concentrations and the proportion of Concentricystes were much higher, while cereal pollen percentages were slightly lower (average 41.6%). Pollen assemblages in different land use types also differed. For example, in farmland, cereal pollen percentages were more than 40% and Chenopodiaceae was usually less than 2.5%, while in wasteland, weedy Poaceae was usually less than 10% and Chenopodiaceae was usually higher than 25%. Total pollen concentrations in farmland (average 3909 grains/g) were much lower than in wasteland (average 15074 grains/g). Redundancy analysis revealed that pollen assemblages were significantly negatively correlated with mean annual temperature (-0.73) and July mean temperature (-0.81) and significantly positively correlated with mean annual precipitation (0.48), indicating that pollen assemblages in the artificial or human-disturbed vegetation reflect regional climate well. Comparison of pollen assemblages in different areas of northern China showed that pollen concentrations reflect the intensities of human impact to some degree. For example, pollen concentrations decrease as human impacts increase in intensity. The cereal pollen proportions in farmland differed by area. In Northeast China, cereal pollen proportions were distinctly higher than in most other areas of northern China, suggesting differences in planting habits and climate.     

濒危植物——半日花大,小孢子发生和雌,雄配子体形成

通过对半日花大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体形成过程的研究，得出以下结果：１）花药由四个花粉囊组成，药壁包括表皮、药室内壁、中层及绒毡层。药壁发育为双子叶型。腺质绒毡层；２）小孢子孢原为多细胞。小孢子母细胞减数分裂同时型，四分体排列方式为四面体型。成熟花粉２－细胞并具３孔沟；３）例生胚珠，双珠被，厚珠心。大孢子多泡原。四分孢子直线形或Ｔ字形。合点端的三个大孢子退化，瑞孔端的一个大孢子发育成功能大孢子、